_t0 CXT0218A _vn 4.0 _pd 20071226 _t1 CXT0218A 01964399 _jn Clinical Microbiology Newsletter _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. _t2 CXT0218A 01964399 00300001 _vl 30 _is 1 _pr 1-8 _dt 20080101 _t3 CXT0218A 01964399 00300001 07000554 _ii S0196-4399(07)00055-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.12.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Clinical Microbiology Newsletter at Age 30 - History and Evolution _au Morello, J.A. _ca Josephine A. Morello. Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois _ab In 1979, the first issue of a new newsletter for clinical microbiologists was published. The purpose of Clinical Microbiology Newsletter (CMN), a twice-a-month publication, was to provide clinical microbiology laboratorians, clinical pathologists, and infectious disease clinicians with concise mini-reviews of recent findings in the field. Editorial opinions, case reports of unusual organisms or infections, and several other features were included. The success of the Newsletter was immediate. Although the format and editorship have undergone changes, CMN is now beginning its 30th year of publication and is available online, as well as in print format. CMN continues its mission of providing readers with the most up-to-date information of value in their laboratory endeavors. _la EN _pg 1-5 _mf [XML Cit] 07000554 _t3 CXT0218A 01964399 00300001 07000566 _ii S0196-4399(07)00056-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.12.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Successful Use of Linezolid in the Treatment of Enterococcal Endocarditis: an Effective and Safe Option? _au Javaid, M. _au Abdelhamed, A. _au Samar, H. _au Cynamon, M. _ca Michael Cynamon. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, New York _pg 5-6 _mf [XML Cit] 07000566 _t3 CXT0218A 01964399 00300001 07000578 _ii S0196-4399(07)00057-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.12.003 _ty ANN _li EN _ti New CLSI Documents _pg 7 _mf [XML Cit] 07000578 _t3 CXT0218A 01964399 00300001 0700058X _ii S0196-4399(07)00058-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2007.12.004 _ty ANN _li EN _ti Call for Submissions _pg 8 _mf [XML Cit] 0700058X _t1 CXT0218A 01969781 _jn Peptides _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. _t2 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 _vl 29 _is 1 _pr 1-148 _dt 200801 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 0700513X _ii S0196-9781(07)00513-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0196-9781(07)00513-X _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg CO2 _mf [XML Cit] 0700513X _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004251 _ii S0196-9781(07)00425-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.013 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of human serum components on bactericidal activity of human beta defensin 3 _au Maisetta, G. _au Di Luca, M. _au Esin, S. _au Florio, W. _au Brancatisano, F.L. _au Bottai, D. _au Campa, M. _au Batoni, G. _ca Giovanna Batoni. Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35-39, 56127 Pisa, Italy _ab Naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) are an essential component of the innate immune system of multicellular organisms. At concentrations generally higher than those found in vivo, most CAPs exhibit strong antibacterial properties in vitro, but their activity may be inhibited by body fluids, a fact that could limit their future use as antimicrobial and/or immunomodulatory agents. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of human serum components on bactericidal activity of the human @b-defensin 3 (hBD-3), a CAP considered particularly promising for future therapeutic employment. Human serum diluted to 20% strongly inhibited the bactericidal activity of the peptide against both the Gram-positive species Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative species Acinetobacter baumannii. Such activity was not restored in serum devoid of salts (dialyzed), pre-treated with protease inhibitors, or subjected to both of these treatments. The addition of physiological concentrations of NaCl, CaCl"2, and human albumin in the bactericidal assay abolished bactericidal activity of hBD-3 against S. aureus, while it only partially inhibited the activity of the peptide against A. baumannii. Although a proteolytic activity of serum on hBD-3 was demonstrated at the protein level by Western blot, addition of physiological concentrations of trypsin to the bactericidal assay only partially affected the antibacterial properties of the peptide. Altogether, these results demonstrate a major role of mono-divalent cations and serum proteins on inhibition of hBD-3 antibacterial properties and indicate a relative lack in sensitivity of the bactericidal activity of this peptide to trypsin and trypsin-like proteases. _la EN _kw [abr] CAPs; cationic antimicrobial peptides _kw [abr] CFU; colony forming units _kw [abr] hBD-3; human beta-defensin 3 _kw [abr] HSA; human serum albumin _kw [abr] MBC; minimal bactericidal concentration _kw [abr] PAGE; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis _kw [abr] SPB; sodium phosphate buffer _kw Antimicrobial peptides _kw Defensins _kw Human beta-defensin 3 _kw Inhibition _kw Serum _pg 1-6 _mf [XML Cit] 07004251 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004275 _ii S0196-9781(07)00427-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.015 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Interaction of antibacterial peptides spanning the carboxy-terminal region of human @b-defensins 1-3 with phospholipids at the air-water interface and inner membrane of E. coli _au Krishnakumari, V. _au Nagaraj, R. _ca Ramakrishnan Nagaraj. Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India _ab Synthetic peptides Phd1-3 spanning the cationic carboxy-terminal region of human @b-defensins HBD-1-3 have been shown to have antibacterial activity. Gross morphological changes were seen in E. coli cells treated with these peptides. In this paper, we have studied the surface-active properties of peptides Phd1-3 and their interactions with different phospholipids using Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. Compression isotherms and increase in pressure on insertion of peptides into lipid monolayers at different initial pressures indicate the affinity of these peptides for negatively charged lipids. Phd3 inserted less effectively into monolayers as compared to Phd1 and Phd2. The peptides differed in their ability to permeabilize the inner membrane of E. coli, with Phd3 being least effective. It is likely that the peptides kill Gram-negative bacteria by more than one mechanism. When hydrophobicity and net charge favor insertion into lipid membranes, then membrane permeabilization could be the primary event in the killing of bacteria. In cases where membrane insertion does not occur, interaction with phospholipid interface induces highly selective stress that leads to stasis and cell death, as proposed for polymyxin B and bactenecin. _la EN _kw Human @b-defensins _kw Single disulfide analogs _kw Antibacterial activity _kw Lipid monolayers _kw Inner-membrane permeabilization _pg 7-14 _mf [XML Cit] 07004275 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004317 _ii S0196-9781(07)00431-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.028 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of cholesterol on the interaction of the amphibian antimicrobial peptide DD K with liposomes _au Verly, R.M. _au Rodrigues, M.A. _au Daghastanli, K.R.P. _au Denadai, A.M.L. _au Cuccovia, I.M. _au Bloch, C. _au Frezard, F. _au Santoro, M.M. _au Pilo-Veloso, D. _au Bemquerer, M.P. _ca Dorila Pilo-Veloso. Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antonio Carlos 6627, P.O. Box 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil _ab DD K is an antimicrobial peptide previously isolated from the skin of the amphibian Phyllomedusa distincta. The effect of cholesterol on synthetic DD K binding to egg lecithin liposomes was investigated by intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan residue, measurements of kinetics of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) leakage, dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration microcalorimetry. An 8nm blue shift of tryptophan maximum emission fluorescence was observed when DD K was in the presence of lecithin liposomes compared to the value observed for liposomes containing 43mol% cholesterol. The rate and the extent of CF release were also significantly reduced by the presence of cholesterol. Dynamic light scattering showed that lecithin liposome size increase from 115 to 140nm when titrated with DD K but addition of cholesterol reduces the liposome size increments. Isothermal titration microcalorimetry studies showed that DD K binding both to liposomes containing cholesterol as to liposomes devoid of it is more entropically than enthalpically favored. Nevertheless, the peptide concentration necessary to furnish an adjustable titration curve is much higher for liposomes containing cholesterol at 43mol% (2mmolL^-^1) than in its absence (93@mmolL^-^1). Apparent binding constant values were 2160 and 10,000Lmol^-^1, respectively. The whole data indicate that DD K binding to phosphatidylcholine liposomes is significantly affected by cholesterol, which contributes to explain the low hemolytic activity of the peptide. _la EN _kw Antimicrobial peptide _kw Cholesterol _kw Dermaseptin _kw Isothermal titration calorimetry _kw Liposomes _pg 15-24 _mf [XML Cit] 07004317 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004408 _ii S0196-9781(07)00440-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.026 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Activities of the frog skin peptide, ascaphin-8 and its lysine-substituted analogs against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum @b-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria _au Eley, A. _au Ibrahim, M. _au Kurdi, S.E. _au Conlon, J.M. _ca J. Michael Conlon. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates _ab Extended-spectrum @b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent and their antibiotic resistance necessitates novel therapeutic intervention. Ascaphin-8 is a cationic @a-helical peptide that shows broad-spectrum antibacterial activity but is also toxic to human erythrocytes (LC"5"0=55@mM). This study assesses the activity of ascaphin-8, and a series of l-lysine-substituted analogs, against a range of clinical isolates of ESBL-producing bacteria. All ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (MIC=1.5-6@mM) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC=12.5-25@mM) strains tested were susceptible to ascaphin-8, as well as a group of miscellaneous ESBL-producing strains (Citrobacter, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella spp.) (MIC@?25@mM). The Lys^4- and Lys^8-substituted analogs were generally the most potent against bacteria but showed the highest hemolytic activity. However, the Lys^1^0, Lys^1^4, and Lys^1^8 analogs also displayed potent antibacterial activity while showing very low hemolytic activity (LC"5"0>500@mM). An unexpected finding was the susceptibility of ESBL-producing Proteus mirabilis strains to ascaphin-8 (MIC=12.5-25@mM) and its Lys^4-substituted analog (MIC=6@mM), although non-ESBL isolates of this organism were resistant to these peptides (MIC>100@mM). _la EN _kw Antibacterial peptide _kw Ascaphin-8 _kw Extended-spectrum @b-lactamases _kw Hemolysis _pg 25-30 _mf [XML Cit] 07004408 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004391 _ii S0196-9781(07)00439-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.024 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Tachyplesin III and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor enhance the efficacy of tazobactam/piperacillin in a neutropenic mouse model of polymicrobial peritonitis _au Cirioni, O. _au Ghiselli, R. _au Kamysz, W. _au Orlando, F. _au Silvestri, C. _au Mocchegiani, F. _au Di Matteo, F. _au Kamysz, E. _au Riva, A. _au Rocchi, M. _au Saba, V. _au Scalise, G. _au Giacometti, A. _ca Oscar Cirioni. Institute of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy _ab We investigated the efficacy of tazobactam/piperacillin (TZP), tachyplesin III and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in an experimental murine neutropenic intraabdominal infection. BALB/c male mice were rendered neutropenic by intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide on days -4 and -2 pre-infection. Septic shock was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Animals received intravenously isotonic sodium chloride solution (control group C"1), 1mg/kg of tachyplesin III, 120mg/kg of TZP, 0.1mg/kg of G-CSF, tachyplesin III plus TZP, G-CSF plus TZP and finally tachyplesin III plus G-CSF plus TZP, respectively. Lethality, bacterial growth in blood, peritoneum, spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes, endotoxin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations in plasma were evaluated. All compounds reduced the lethality when compared to controls. Endotoxin and cytokine plasma levels were significantly higher in TZP-treated animals compared to tachyplesin III-treated animals. Finally, all drug combinations showed to be the most effective treatment in reducing all variables measured. Interestingly, the strongest results concerning the bacterial growth inhibition, lethality and endotoxemia were obtained when the three compounds were contemporaneously administered. The presence of their positive interaction makes tachyplesin III and G-CSF potentially valuable as an adjuvant for antimicrobial chemotherapy of sepsis. _la EN _kw Antibiotics _kw Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor _kw Tachyplesin III _kw Antimicrobial peptides _kw Sepsis _kw Endotoxin _kw TNF-alpha _pg 31-38 _mf [XML Cit] 07004391 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004238 _ii S0196-9781(07)00423-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Comparison of the effects of serpin A1, a recombinant serpin A1-IGF chimera and serpin A1 C-terminal peptide on wound healing _au Congote, L.F. _au Temmel, N. _au Sadvakassova, G. _au Dobocan, M.C. _ca Luis Fernando Congote. Endocrine Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, 687 avenue des pins, Ouest, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A1 _ab Serpin A1 (@a1-antitrypsin, @a1-proteinase inhibitor), a potent neutrophil elastase inhibitor, has therapeutic potential as a wound-healing agent. We compared the in vitro wound-healing action of serpin A1-IGF, a recombinant fusion protein of serpin A1(M351E-M358L) and insulin-like growth factor I with that observed in the presence of natural serpin A1 or A1-C26, the synthetic C-terminal 26 residue peptide of serpin A1, previously shown to have mitogenic and antiviral activities. All agents reduced wound sizes in monolayers of the kidney epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 and in primary cultures of human skin fibroblasts. Wound reduction in primary human keratinocytes was only observed with the serpin A1-IGF chimera. None of the factors stimulated cell proliferation using a colorimetric assay, with the exception of the serpin A1-IGF chimera, which caused a significant increase of cell proliferation and thymidine incorporation in human skin fibroblasts. However, wound healing by the A1-IGF chimera was reduced in keratinocytes in the presence of mitomycin C, suggesting a role of cell proliferation in wound reduction. The hydrophobic A1-C26 peptide significantly increased the production of collagen I in skin fibroblasts, an appealing asset for skin care applications. _la EN _kw Antitrypsin _kw IGFs _kw Skin fibroblasts _kw Fusion proteins _kw Serpins _pg 39-46 _mf [XML Cit] 07004238 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004329 _ii S0196-9781(07)00432-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.020 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Pulmonary peptidergic innervation remodeling and development of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by RSV persistent infection _au Tan, Y.R. _au Yang, T. _au Liu, S.P. _au Xiang, Y. _au Qu, F. _au Liu, H.J. _au Qin, X.Q. _ca Xiao-Qun Qin. Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China _ab Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants and children, which is an important risk factor for the development of chronic asthma. To probe the underlying mechanisms that RSV infection increases the susceptibility of asthma, this present study was designed to establish a RSV persistent infection animal model by cyclophosphamide (CYP) pretreatment that more closely mimic human RSV infection. CYP is an immunosuppressant, which induced deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity. Pulmonary RSV titers, airway function and peptidergic innervation were measured on 7d, 28d, 42d and 60d postinfection. The results showed that during RSV persistent infection, the lungs of RSV-inoculated animals pretreated with CYP showed higher RSV titers and exhibited obvious chronic inflammation. The results also showed that protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive fibers increased and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive fibers decreased during RSV persistent infection. These results demonstrate that RSV persistent infection induces significant alterations in the peptidergic innervation in the airways, which may be associated with the development of altered airway function. _la EN _kw Respiratory syncytial virus _kw Airway hyperresponsiveness _kw Peptidergic innervations _pg 47-56 _mf [XML Cit] 07004329 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004299 _ii S0196-9781(07)00429-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.018 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Evidence for the existence of a functional Kiss1/Kiss1 receptor pathway in fish _au van Aerle, R. _au Kille, P. _au Lange, A. _au Tyler, C.R. _ca R. van Aerle. Environmental and Molecular Fish Biology, School of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Devon EX4 4PS, UK _ab In mammals, the Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r) and its kisspeptin ligands are key factors regulating the onset of puberty. In fish, however, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of puberty are poorly understood and the role of the Kiss1r/kisspeptin pathway in this process has not been established. In this study, a bioinformatics approach was used to identify the genes for Kiss1 and Kiss1r in five teleost genomes and the information used to clone the corresponding transcripts from zebrafish. Zebrafish kiss1r was expressed predominantly in the brain, with a minor level of expression in the eye, and zebrafish kiss1 was expressed in brain, intestine, adipose tissue and testis. Analysis of the chromosome region containing the kiss1 locus showed high synteny across vertebrate genomes. In contrast to their mammalian homologues, teleost Kiss1 protein sequences were poorly conserved with the exception of the region representing kisspeptin-10. Signal peptide sequences and likely cleavage and amidation sites in the teleost Kiss1 sequences were determined and found to be similar to those in mammalian Kiss1. This is the first report of the existence and characterization of the Kiss1 gene outside the mammalian taxa, suggesting that a functional Kiss1/Kiss1 receptor pathway is conserved across vertebrate species. _la EN _kw Kiss1 _kw Kisspeptins _kw Kiss1 receptor _kw GPR54 _kw Puberty _kw Brain-pituitary-gonad axis _kw Danio rerio _pg 57-64 _mf [XML Cit] 07004299 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004330 _ii S0196-9781(07)00433-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.025 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Helokinestatin: A new bradykinin B"2 receptor antagonist decapeptide from lizard venom _au Kwok, H.F. _au Chen, T. _au O'Rourke, M. _au Ivanyi, C. _au Hirst, D. _au Shaw, C. _ca Hang Fai Kwok. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK _ab Synthetic bradykinin antagonist peptides/peptoids have been powerful tools for delineating the roles of kinins in both normal physiology and in pathological states. Here, we report the identification of a novel, naturally occurring bradykinin B"2 receptor antagonist peptide, helokinestatin, isolated and structurally characterized from the venoms of helodermatid lizards-the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) and the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum). The primary structure of the peptide was established by a combination of microsequencing and mass spectroscopy as Gly-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Pro-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg (M"r 1122.62). A synthetic replicate of helokinestatin was found to inhibit bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation of phenylephrine pre-constricted rat tail artery smooth muscle, mediated by the B"2 receptor sub-type, in a dose-dependent manner. Natural selection, that generates functional optimization of predatory reptile venom peptides, can potentially provide new insights for drug lead design or for normal physiological or pathophysiological processes. _la EN _kw Bradykinin _kw Lizard _kw Helokinestatin _kw Venom peptides _kw Mass spectroscopy _pg 65-72 _mf [XML Cit] 07004330 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004366 _ii S0196-9781(07)00436-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.021 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Adrenomedullin is increased by pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium via periodic acceleration (pGz) _au Martinez, A. _au Arias, J. _au Bassuk, J.A. _au Wu, H. _au Kurlansky, P. _au Adams, J.A. _ca Jose A. Adams. Mt Sinai Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Miami Beach, FL, United States _ab Periodic acceleration (pGz) is produced by a platform which moves the supine body repetitively in a headward to footward direction. The imparted motion produces pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium. Pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium has been shown to elicit production of a host of cardioprotective, cytoprotective mediators. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if pGz also enhances production of adrenomedullin (AM) in normal healthy swine. Twelve pigs (weight range 20-30kg) were anesthetized, intubated and placed on conventional mechanical ventilation. All animals were secured to the motion platform. In one group (pGz) (n=7) was activated for 1h, and monitored for an additional 3h. A control group (CONT) (n=5) served as time control. Arterial blood gases, hemodynamic measurements, and serum for AM, interleukin 4, 6 and thromboxane B"2 (TBXB"2) were measured at baseline, immediately after pGz, and 3h after pGz had been discontinued. There was no significant change from baseline value in IL-4, IL-6 or TBXB"2. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased in pGz-treated animals from 115+/-10 at baseline to 90+/-8 after 60min of pGz (p<0.01). AM levels increase from 776+/-176pg/ml baseline to 1160+/-68pg/ml immediately after pGz, and remained elevated to 1584+/-160pg/ml, 3h after pGz (p<0.01 vs. BL). This is the first report of AM-enhanced production using a non-invasive method of increasing pulsatile shear stress on the vascular endothelium. pGz increases production of AM in normal healthy swine. These changes are independent of IL-4, IL-6 or TBXB"2 production. _la EN _kw Adrenomedullin _kw Pulsatile shear stress _kw Periodic acceleration _kw Nitric oxide _kw Prostaglandins _kw Endothelium _pg 73-78 _mf [XML Cit] 07004366 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004378 _ii S0196-9781(07)00437-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.022 _ty FLA _li EN _ti C-type natriuretic peptide and its relation to non-invasive indices of left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure _au Del Ry, S. _au Maltinti, M. _au Cabiati, M. _au Emdin, M. _au Giannessi, D. _au Morales, M.A. _ca S. Del Ry. CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy _ab C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) significantly increases in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients as a function of clinical severity. Aim of this study was to evaluate in CHF patients the relationship between circulating CNP concentrations and echo-Doppler conventional indices of left ventricular (LV) function as well as less load independent parameters as dP/dt. LV ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and LV dP/dt were evaluated together with plasma CNP levels in 38 patients with CHF and in 63 controls. CNP levels resulted significantly higher in CHF patients than in controls (7.19+/-0.59pg/ml vs. 2.52+/-0.12pg/ml, p<0.0001). A significant correlation between dP/dt and CNP levels (r=-0.61, p<0.0001) was observed. A good correlation with EF (r=-0.55, p<0.001) and a less significant relation with LVEDD (r=0.316, p<0.05) were also reported. When patients were divided according to dP/dt values a very significant difference in CNP levels was observed: Group I (<600, n=25) vs. Group II (>600, n=13): 8.46+/-0.69 and 4.75+/-0.75pg/ml, respectively, p<0.001. This is the first study that reports a correlation between CNP and dP/dt in CHF patients, thus suggesting a possible role on cardiac contractility. _la EN _kw Chronic heart failure (CHF) _kw C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) _kw Radioimmunoassay (RIA) _kw Cardiac echo-Doppler _kw dP/dt _pg 79-82 _mf [XML Cit] 07004378 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 0700441X _ii S0196-9781(07)00441-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.004 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Proenkephalin expression and enkephalin release are widely observed in non-neuronal tissues _au Denning, G.M. _au Ackermann, L.W. _au Barna, T.J. _au Armstrong, J.G. _au Stoll, L.L. _au Weintraub, N.L. _au Dickson, E.W. _ca Gerene M. Denning. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, C-43 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, United States _ab Enkephalins are opioid peptides that are found at high levels in the brain and endocrine tissues. Studies have shown that enkephalins play an important role in behavior, pain, cardiac function, cellular growth, immunity, and ischemic tolerance. Our global hypothesis is that enkephalins are released from non-neuronal tissues in response to brief ischemia or exercise, and that this release contributes to cardioprotection. To identify tissues that could serve as potential sources of enkephalins, we used real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, immunofluorescence microscopy, and ex vivo models of enkephalin release. We found widespread expression of preproenkephalin (pPENK) mRNA and production of the enkephalin precursor protein proenkephalin (PENK) in rat and mouse tissues, as well as in tissues and cells from humans and pigs. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-enkephalin antisera demonstrated immunoreactivity in rat tissues, including heart and skeletal muscle myocytes, intestinal and kidney epithelium, and intestinal smooth muscle cells. Finally, isolated tissue studies showed that heart, skeletal muscle, and intestine released enkephalins ex vivo. Together our studies indicate that multiple non-neuronal tissues produce PENK and release enkephalins. These data support the hypothesis that non-neuronal tissues could play a role in both local and systemic enkephalin-mediated effects. _la EN _kw Proenkephalin _kw Enkephalins _kw Gene expression _kw Skeletal muscle _pg 83-92 _mf [XML Cit] 0700441X _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 0700424X _ii S0196-9781(07)00424-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.012 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities of H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(CH"2-COOH)-Bid (UFP-512), a novel selective delta opioid receptor agonist _au Vergura, R. _au Balboni, G. _au Spagnolo, B. _au Gavioli, E. _au Lambert, D.G. _au McDonald, J. _au Trapella, C. _au Lazarus, L.H. _au Regoli, D. _au Guerrini, R. _au Salvadori, S. _au Calo, G. _ca Girolamo Calo. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy _ab Knockout and pharmacological studies have shown that delta opioid peptide (DOP) receptor signalling regulates emotional responses. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of the DOP ligand, H-Dmt-Tic-NH-CH(CH"2-COOH)-Bid (UFP-512) was investigated. In receptor binding experiments performed on membranes of CHO cells expressing the human recombinant opioid receptors, UFP-512 displayed very high affinity (pK"i 10.20) and selectivity (>150-fold) for DOP sites. In functional studies ([^3^5S]GTP@cS binding in CHO"h"D"O"P membranes and electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens) UFP-512 behaved as a DOP selective full agonist showing potency values more than 100-fold higher than DPDPE. In vivo, in the mouse forced swimming test, UFP-512 reduced immobility time both after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration. Similar effects were recorded in rats. Moreover, UFP-512 evoked anxiolytic-like effects in the mouse elevated plus maze and light-dark aversion assays. All these in vivo actions of UFP-512 were fully prevented by the selective DOP antagonist naltrindole (3mg/kg, s.c.). In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that UFP-512 behaves as a highly potent and selective agonist at DOP receptors and corroborate the proposal that the selective activation of DOP receptors elicits robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rodents. _la EN _kw DOP receptor _kw Receptor binding _kw Bioassay _kw Forced swimming test _kw Light-dark aversion _kw Elevated plus-maze test _kw UFP-512 _pg 93-103 _mf [XML Cit] 0700424X _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004263 _ii S0196-9781(07)00426-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.014 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A derivative of the melanocortin receptor antagonist SHU9119 (PG932) increases food intake when administered peripherally _au Sutton, G.M. _au Josephine Babin, M. _au Gu, X. _au Hruby, V.J. _au Butler, A.A. _ca Andrew A. Butler. Neuropeptides Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Lousiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States _ab Melanocortin receptors are considered promising candidates for the treatment of behavioral and metabolic disorders ranging from obesity to anorexia and cachexia. These experiments examined the response of mice to peripheral injections of two compounds. PG932 is a derivative of SHU9119 which is non-selective antagonist of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors (Mc3r and Mc4r). PG946 is a derivative of a hybrid of @a- and @b-MSH, and is a moderately selective Mc3r antagonist. SHU9119 increases food intake when administered intracerebroventricularly but is without effect when injected into the periphery. In contrast, PG932 was found to be highly effective at stimulating food intake when administered peripherally by intraperitoneal injection. The orexigenic effect of PG932 required functional Mc4r, suggesting that inhibition of this receptor is involved in the stimulation of food intake. PG946 did not significantly affect on feeding behavior. PG932 is thus a useful new compound for studies examining the regulation of appetite and energy balance, and may also prove useful for the treatment of cachectic conditions. _la EN _kw Melanocortin receptor _kw Antagonist _kw Anorexia _kw Appetite _kw Endotoxin _kw Proopiomelanocortin _pg 104-111 _mf [XML Cit] 07004263 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004421 _ii S0196-9781(07)00442-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti PYY(3-36) induces Fos in the arcuate nucleus and in both catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats _au Blevins, J.E. _au Chelikani, P.K. _au Haver, A.C. _au Reidelberger, R.D. _ca J.E. Blevins. Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States _ab Peptide YY (3-36) [PYY(3-36)] inhibits feeding in rodents, nonhuman primates and humans, yet the neural circuits underlying this action remain to be determined. Here we assessed whether PYY(3-36) inhibits feeding by activating neurons in forebrain and hindbrain sites containing Y2 receptors and linked to control of food intake, or in hindbrain sites immediately downstream of vagal afferent neurons. Rats received an anorexigenic dose of PYY(3-36), and the number of neurons expressing Fos, an indicator of neuronal activation, was determined in anterior hypothalamus (AH), arcuate nucleus (ARC), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), area postrema (AP), and caudal medial nucleus tractus solitarius (cmNTS), commissural NTS (cNTS), and gelatinosus NTS (gNTS). Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an indicator of catecholamine synthesis, was also measured in the cmNTS. PYY(3-36) increased Fos in ARC, cmNTS, gNTS and AP. Approximately 10% of Fos(+) neurons in the cmNTS were TH(+). These results suggest that PYY(3-36) inhibits feeding through direct activation of ARC neurons, and direct and/or indirect activation via vagal afferent nerves of cmNTS, gNTS and AP, including some catecholaminergic neurons in the cmNTS. _la EN _kw PYY(3-36) _kw Satiety _kw Forebrain _kw Hindbrain _kw Fos _kw Tyrosine hydroxylase _pg 112-119 _mf [XML Cit] 07004421 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004287 _ii S0196-9781(07)00428-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.016 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Olanzapine blocks the sympathetic and hyperthermic reactions due to cerebral injection of orexin A _au Monda, M. _au Viggiano, An. _au Viggiano, Al. _au Mondola, R. _au Viggiano, E. _au Messina, G. _au Tafuri, D. _au De Luca, V. _ca M. Monda. Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Italy _ab Since experiments regarding a possible relation between olanzapine and orexin A has been scarcely reported in international literature, this experiment tested the effect of olanzapine on the sympathetic and thermogenic effects induced by orexin A. The firing rates of the sympathetic nerves to interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), along with IBAT, colonic temperatures and heart rate were monitored in urethane-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats before an injection of orexin A (1.5nmol) into the lateral cerebral ventricle and over a period of 150min after the injection. The same variables were monitored in rats with an intraperitoneal administration of olanzapine (10mg/kg bw), injected 30min before the orexin administration. The results show that orexin A increases the sympathetic firing rate, IBAT, colonic temperatures and heart rate. This increase is blocked by the injection of olanzapine. These findings indicate that olanzapine affects the complex reactions related to activation of orexinergic system. _la EN _kw Body temperature _kw Orexin A _kw Olanzapine _kw Rat _kw Sympathetic activity _pg 120-126 _mf [XML Cit] 07004287 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004305 _ii S0196-9781(07)00430-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.017 _ty REV _li EN _ti Central leptin insufficiency syndrome: An interactive etiology for obesity, metabolic and neural diseases and for designing new therapeutic interventions _au Kalra, S.P. _ca Satya P. Kalra. Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, PO Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA _ab This review critically reappraises recent scientific evidence concerning central leptin insufficiency versus leptin resistance formulations to explain metabolic and neural disorders resulting from subnormal or defective leptin signaling in various sites in the brain. Research at various fronts to unravel the complexities of the neurobiology of leptin is surveyed to provide a comprehensive account of the neural and metabolic effects of environmentally imposed fluctuations in leptin availability at brain sites and the outcome of newer technology to restore leptin signaling in a site-specific manner. The cumulative new knowledge favors a unified central leptin insufficiency syndrome over the, in vogue, central resistance hypothesis to explain the global adverse impact of deficient leptin signaling in the brain. Furthermore, the leptin insufficiency syndrome delineates a novel role of leptin in the hypothalamus in restraining rhythmic pancreatic insulin secretion while concomitantly enhancing glucose metabolism and non-shivering thermogenic energy expenditure, sequelae that would otherwise promote fat accrual to store excess energy resulting from consumption of energy-enriched diets. A concerted effort should now focus on development of newer technologies for delivery of leptin or leptin mimetics to specifically target neural pathways for remediation of diverse ailments encompassing the central leptin insufficiency syndrome. _la EN _kw Leptin insufficiency _kw Brain _kw Obesity _kw Metabolic syndrome _kw Cognition _kw Alzheimer's disease _pg 127-138 _mf [XML Cit] 07004305 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07004342 _ii S0196-9781(07)00434-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.019 _ty REV _li EN _ti Behavioral controls of food intake _au Benoit, S.C. _au Tracy, A.L. _ca Stephen C. Benoit. University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry, Obesity Research Center, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States _ab Recent conceptualizations of food intake have divided ingestive behavior into multiple distinct phases. Here, we present a temporally and operationally defined classification of ingestive behaviors. Importantly, various physiological signals including hypothalamic peptides are thought to impact these distinct behavioral phases of ingestion differently. In this review, we summarize a number of behavioral assays designed to delineate the effects of hormone and peptide signals that influence food intake on these ingestive mechanisms. Finally, we discuss two issues that we have encountered in our laboratory which may obstruct the interpretation of results from these types of studies. First, the influence of previous experience with foods used in these behavioral tests and second, the importance of the nutrient composition of the selected test foods. The important conclusion discussed here is that the behavioral analysis of ingestion is accompanied by theoretical constructs and artificial divisions of biological realities and the appreciation of this fact can only increase the opportunities of contemporary behavioral scientists to make significant and novel observations of ingestive behaviors. _la EN _kw Learning _kw Ingestive behavior _kw Hypothalamus _kw NPY _kw Melanocortins _pg 139-147 _mf [XML Cit] 07004342 _t3 CXT0218A 01969781 00290001 07005207 _ii S0196-9781(07)00520-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0196-9781(07)00520-7 _ty ANN _li EN _ti Announcement - Japan _pg I _mf [XML Cit] 07005207 _t1 CXT0218A 02488663 _jn La Revue de medecine interne _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Societe nationale francaise de medicine interne (SNFMI) _t2 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 _vl 29 _is 1 _pr 1-76 _dt 200801 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07013367 _ii S0248-8663(07)01336-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0248-8663(07)01336-7 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg ii _mf [XML Cit] 07013367 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008533 _ii S0248-8663(07)00853-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.10.004 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Granulomatoses : un challenge pour l'interniste ? _tf Granulomatosis: A challenge for the internist? _au Pavic, M. _au Rousset, H. _ca M. Pavic. Service de medecine interne oncologie, hopital d'instruction des armees Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France _kw Granulomatose _kw Diagnostic _kw Granulomatosis _kw Diagnosis _pg 1-2 _mf [XML Cit] 07008533 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07006789 _ii S0248-8663(07)00678-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.07.006 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Granulomatoses systemiques. Mise en perspective _tf Systemic granulomatosis. Put into perspective _au Papo, T. _ca 46, rue Henri Huchard _kw Granulomatose systemique _kw Tuberculose _kw Sarcoidose _kw Diagnostic _kw Systemic granulomatosis _kw Tuberculosis _kw Sarcoidosis _kw Diagnosis _pg 3-4 _mf [XML Cit] 07006789 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 0700608X _ii S0248-8663(07)00608-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.05.028 _ty FLA _li FR _ti Granulomatoses systemiques pseudosarcoidosiques d'etiologie determinee et non tuberculeuse. Etude de 67 observations _tf Non-tuberculous systemic granulomatosis mimicking sarcoidosis but related to a specific aetiology. Study of 67 cases _au Pavic, M. _au Le Pape, E. _au Debourdeau, P. _au Rabar, D. _au Crevon, L. _au Colle, B. _au Rousset, H. _ca M. Pavic. Service de medecine interne-oncologie, hopital d'instruction des armees Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France _ab Purpose: Systemic granulomatosis (SG) are frequently encountered in internal medicine. Despite a large list of aetiologies, the investigations remain often negative leading to the diagnosis of atypical sarcoidosis. The spectrum of the causes, as well as evolution of these SG is not clearly delineated in the literature. Method: We analyzed the case reports of all but tuberculous GS submitted at the National Meetings of the National French Society of Internal Medicine from 1990 to 2006. Results: Sixty-seven cases were included in the study. The average age at the beginning of the symptoms was 47.8 years and 28.4% of the patients were female. The median diagnostic delay was one year. General symptoms were present in 73.1% of the cases. The involved organs were the liver (46.3%), lungs (25.4%), lymph nodes (22.4%), digestive tract (16.4%), skin (16.4%), spleen (14.9%). The granuloma were detected mainly in the liver (38.8%), lymph nodes (17.9%), bone marrow (16.4%) and lungs (11.9%). Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or increased C reactive protein serum levels were noted in 65.6% of the patients. Before diagnosis, 19.4% of the patients received a corticotherapy. The most common diagnoses were infections (65.6%) followed by drugs (19.5%), ''toxic substances'' or various foreign bodies (5.9%), neoplasias (5.9%) and immune deficiencies (3%). The evolution was favourable in 80% of the cases but 8.3% of the patients died. The disease course of the patients having received a corticotherapy prior to the diagnosis was more unfavourable with a death rate of 45%. Conclusion: In atypical sarcoidosis (fever, advanced age, increased acute phase reactants...) a specific aetiology and especially an infectious disease should be ruled out before considering the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Corticotherapy is a factor of poor prognosis. _la EN _kw Sarcoidosis _kw Granulomatose systemique _kw Sarcoidose _kw Systemic granulomatosis _pg 5-14 _mf [XML Cit] 0700608X _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008417 _ii S0248-8663(07)00841-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.037 _ty SSU _li FR _ti Les granulomatoses systemiques d'origine infectieuse _tf Systemic granulomatosis of infectious origin _au Gousseff, M. _au Mechai, F. _au Lecuit, M. _au Lortholary, O. _ca O. Lortholary. Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, universite Rene-Descartes-Paris-5, hopital Necker-Enfants-Malades, centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, 149, rue de Sevres, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France _ab Purpose: Granulomatous diseases are defined by specific histological features, following the local recruitment of macrophages and lymphocytes. Many infections can lead to the development of granuloma. Current knowledge and key points: Microorganisms responsible for granuloma include mainly mycobacteria, many viral and fungal species, as well as schistosoma in endemic areas. Nevertheless, almost all microorganisms can lead to granuloma, especially if their clearance needs macrophages pathway. New immunosuppressive drugs such as tumor necrosis factor antagonists are associated with a high risk of infectious granulomatous complications. All patients with granuloma must be carefully screened to find a potential underlying infection, since an immunosupressive therapy could be otherwise considered. We here review the general diagnostic process with a specific glance to the main organs. Future prospects and projects: Without clinical or epidemiological clue, diagnosis can be very tedious. New molecular tools now assist classical microbiological and histological techniques. Their specificity and sensitivity have recently been better characterized, and their use will probably increase in the near future for the diagnosis of infectious granuloma. They may also lead to discover new infectious aetiologies of granulomatous diseases formerly considered as idiopathic. We describe here the main microorganisms that can be responsible for granuloma, with a specific focus on the use of new diagnostic tools. _la EN _kw Granulome _kw Macrophage _kw Infection _kw Interferon gamma _kw Tuberculose _kw Granuloma _pg 15-27 _mf [XML Cit] 07008417 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008521 _ii S0248-8663(07)00852-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.10.003 _ty SSU _li FR _ti Maladie granulomateuse au cours du deficit immunitaire commun variable _tf Granulomatous disease in common variable immunodeficiency _au Malphettes, M. _au Oksenhendler, E. _au Galicier, L. _au Fieschi, C. _ca C. Fieschi. Departement d'immunologie clinique, hopital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France _ab Purpose: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), defined by defective production of immunoglobulins, is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adulthood requiring a medical follow-up. Repeated bacterial infections and/or autoimmune manifestations and/or benign lymphoproliferation (including follicular hyperplasia and/or granulomatous disease) are the hallmark of the disease. This review aims at describing recent advances in the understanding and treatment of granulomatous disease in CVID. Current knowledge and key points: Clinical features of granulomatous disease in CVID can mimic sarcoidosis, remarkable by the low levels of circulating immunoglobulins. Granulomas may be found in several organs in a single patient, and the main features are pulmonary, lymphoid, cutaneous, hepatic or splenic. The features of CVID is remarkable by the high frequency of autoimmune diseases complicating the immunodeficiency. Some immunological abnormalities have been described in such patients, including lymphopenia, decreased T-cells proliferations to mitogens and antigens. Rare polymorphisms in the gene encoding TNF@a (Tumor Necrosis Factor) have been identified in CVID patients with granulomatous disease. Future prospects and projects: The evolution of the disease is severe, particularly when the lung is involved. Treatment consists in immunoglobulins substitution, immunosuppressive agents (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide) and anti-TNF@a antibodies. These treatments are difficult to manage in such immunocompromised patients. _la EN _kw Hypogammaglobulinemie _kw Common variable immunodeficiency _kw Granulomatosis _kw Hypogammaglobulinemia _kw Deficit immunitaire commun variable _kw Granulomatose _pg 28-32 _mf [XML Cit] 07008521 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008430 _ii S0248-8663(07)00843-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.039 _ty SSU _li FR _ti Granulomatoses d'origine medicamenteuse ou toxique _tf Toxic or drug-induced granulomatous reactions _au Vital Durand, D. _au Durieu, I. _au Rousset, H. _ca D. Vital Durand. Service de medecine interne, centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, universite de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Benite cedex, France _ab Purpose: To review the current concepts in toxic and drug-induced granulomatous reactions. Current knowledge and key points: Granulomatous reactions are induced by various chemical agents, treatments or foreign bodies. According to the breaking way into the organism, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys or the skin are mainly concerned, but systemic granulomatosis mimicking sarcoidosis is possible. Therefore systematic analysis of environmental, occupational and leisure exposures and quest for medical or illicit drugs is mandatory to identify the responsible agent. Over the recent period, chronic beryllium disease, interferon-alpha therapy, BCG immunotherapy and allopurinol have been more frequently involved. Future prospects and projects: Literature review uncovers a variety of potential toxic exposures and highlights the necessity of a clearsighted research to identify them. _la EN _kw Granulome _kw Sarcoidose _kw Pathologie iatrogene _kw Pathologie toxique _kw Granulomatous disease _kw Sarcoidosis _kw Drug-induced _kw Toxic reaction _pg 33-38 _mf [XML Cit] 07008430 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008454 _ii S0248-8663(07)00845-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.041 _ty SSU _li FR _ti Place de la pathologie granulomateuse au cours des cancers _tf Sarcoidosis and sarcoid reactions in cancer _au Pavic, M. _au Debourdeau, P. _au Vacelet, V. _au Rousset, H. _ca M. Pavic. Service de medecine interne, hopital d'instruction des armees Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France _ab Purpose: Relationships between granulomatosis and cancers have been suspected for a long time. Nevertheless, few evidence has been reported until recently. Here, we present a literature review about the association of granulomatosis and neoplasia. Current knowledge and key points: Aside from granulomatosis due to infectious disease, granulomas can be observed in cancer patients, mainly in two situations. Patients may rarely present with typical sarcoidosis occurring before, during or after the diagnosis of cancer. Recent studies have documented such a relationship particularly with lymphomas, testicular and lung cancers, melanomas and hepatocarcinomas. Secondly granulomas may be found as a sarcoid reaction in the vicinity of the tumour itself or more frequently in regional lymph nodes. Sarcoid reaction, reported in Hodgkin's disease and gastric adenocarcinomas, may be associated with a better prognosis. Granulomatous reaction could play an important role in the host's defences against metastatic extension. Immunotherapy such as interferon has been reported to induce systemic sarcoidosis probably by reproducing some physiopathological mechanisms involved in sarcoidosis. Future prospects and projects: Clinicians need novel non invasive diagnostic methods to differentiate neoplasia from benign sarcoid reactions. The 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) PET-scan has failed in this indication but the adjunction of a [3-(18)F]-alpha-methyltyrosine ((18)F-FMT) PET-scan could be useful. Biopsies is still necessary in most of cases. _la EN _kw Cancer _kw Sarcoidosis _kw Granulomatosis _kw Sarcoidose _kw Granulomatose _pg 39-45 _mf [XML Cit] 07008454 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008545 _ii S0248-8663(07)00854-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.10.005 _ty SSU _li FR _ti Sarcoidose a presentation atypique _tf Atypical sarcoidosis _au Bouvry, D. _au Uzunhan, Y. _au Naccache, J.M. _au Nunes, H. _au Brillet, P.Y. _au Valeyre, D. _ca D. Valeyre. AP-HP, service de pneumologie, hopital Avicenne, 125, route de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France _ab Purpose: Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Lung and lymphatic system are the principal localisations. Clinical presentations are various depending on involved organs. Some presentations, which are easily diagnosed, are typical and frequent. Atypical forms have unusual presentations and/or are rare. Beside, in a multisystemic sarcoidosis, the affection of only one organ can be unusual. Rigorous diagnosis procedure could avoid errors. Current knowledge and key points: Twenty percent of sarcoidosis have atypical presentation. However, each of them are unfrequent. Atypical features are wide and can concern pulmonary or extrapulmonary manifestations, general manifestations, blood testing or pathological pattern. Future prospects and projects: Describing atypical forms are necessary for their diagnosis. The diagnosis of atypical sarcoidosis is found on the knowledge of atypical forms previously described, presence of granulomas on specimen biopsy and excluding other granulomatous disease. _la EN _kw Sarcoidose _kw Phenotype atypique _kw Diagnostic _kw Clinique _kw Radiologie _kw Sarcoidosis _kw Atypical phenotype _kw Diagnosis _kw Clinical features _kw Radiographic features _pg 46-53 _mf [XML Cit] 07008545 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008478 _ii S0248-8663(07)00847-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.044 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Granulome pulmonaire hyalinisant revele par une localisation a la base du crane _tf Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma revealed by a pituitary gland diffusion _au Ben Ghorbel, I. _au Ennaifer, R. _au Haouet, S. _au Khanfir, M. _au Lamloum, M. _au Miled, M. _au Houman, M.H. _ca I. Ben Ghorbel. Service de medecine interne, hopital La-Rabta, 1007 Tunis, Tunisie _ab Introduction: Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma is a rare fibrosing lesion of the lung, characterized by its histological appearance which includes central whorled deposits of lamellar collagen. The extrapulmonary diffusion of the disease is extremely rare, and in our knowledge any case of pituitary diffusion has ever been reported in the literature. Exegesis: We reported an unpublished case of a 31-year-old woman presenting with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, diplopia, headache, polyuria and polydipsia. The diagnosis of pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma revealed by an intracranial localization was based on radiologic and pathologic findings. Clinical course was favourable with corticotherapy. Conclusion: Our report is particular because cerebral localization was the initial manifestation of primary hyalinizing granuloma and because of the favourable outcome with corticotherapy. _la EN _kw Granulome pulmonaire hyalinisant _kw amenorrhee-galactorrhee _kw Syndrome polyuropolydipsique _kw Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma _kw Polyuropolydypsia _kw Amenorrhea-galactorrhea _pg 54-57 _mf [XML Cit] 07008478 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07007941 _ii S0248-8663(07)00794-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.08.019 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Localisation dorsale d'une histiocytose langerhansienne responsable d'une compression medullaire _tf Langerhans' cell histiocytosis of the dorsal spine. A rare etiology of spinal cord compression _au Ghorbel, I.B. _au Boukhris, I. _au Kchir, M.N. _au Abderrahmane, K. _au Khanfir, M. _au Lamloum, M. _au Miled, M. _au Houman, M.H. _ca I. Ben Ghorbel. Service de medecine interne, hopital La Rabta, 1007 Tunis, Tunisie _ab Introduction: Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thoracic spine is a rare condition in adults. It is a serious condition with an increased risk of spinal cord compression. Exegesis: A 55-year-old man complained of lumbar and back pain. He developed a spastic paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed a spinal cord compression due to bone and epidural tumoral lesions of the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebras, located in the posterior elements of the spine. A surgical biopsy showed an infiltrate of eosinophilic cells, positive for CD1a in immunohistochemistry studies. Final diagnosis was therefore langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thoracic spine complicated by spinal cord compression. The patient received glucocorticoid therapy combined with vinblastine followed by local radiotherapy and etoposide. However, the neurological deficit persisted and the patient finally died. Conclusion: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare cause of spinal cord compression. _la EN _kw Histiocytose langerhansienne _kw Vertebre _kw Rachis dorsal _kw Compression medullaire _kw Langerhans cell histiocytosis _kw Spinal cord compression _pg 58-62 _mf [XML Cit] 07007941 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07006443 _ii S0248-8663(07)00644-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.06.014 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Une osteolyse des doigts _tf A finger osteolysis _au Karkowski, L. _au Carassou, P. _au Debourdeau, P. _au Crevon, L. _au Pavic, M. _ca L. Karkowski. Service de medecine, hopital d'instruction des armees Desgenettes, 108, boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France _kw Osteolysis _kw Sarcoidose _kw Osteolyse _kw Perthes-Jungling _kw Sarcoidosis _pg 63-64 _mf [XML Cit] 07006443 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008405 _ii S0248-8663(07)00840-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.036 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Efficacite de l'imatinib dans les syndromes hypereosinophiliques associes au transcrit FIP1L1-PDGFRA _tf Efficacy of imatinib in FIP1L1-PDGFRA positive hypereosinophilic syndrome _au Menif, S. _au Ben Romdhane, N. _au Hafsia, R. _ca S. Menif. Laboratoire d'hematologie moleculaire et cellulaire, institut Pasteur, Tunis, Tunisie _ab Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by marked peripheral blood and tissue eosinophilia resulting in organ damage. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of a FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene as a recurrent abnormality in some patients with HES. This fusion gene results from a cryptic 4q12 interstitial deletion involving an 800kb region. Recent reports indicate that this subtype of HES is imatinib responsive with rapid and complete haematological remissions. Here we report two patients successfully treated with imatinib. _la EN _kw Syndrome hypereosinophilique _kw FIP1L1-PDGFRA _kw Imatinib _kw Hypereosinophilic syndrome _pg 65-67 _mf [XML Cit] 07008405 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07008363 _ii S0248-8663(07)00836-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.09.033 _ty SCO _li FR _ti Schwannome kystique de l'angle duodenojejunal _tf Schwannoma of the duodenojejunal angle _au Gaujoux-Viala, C. _au Cervera, P. _au Lepeule, R. _au Kettaneh, A. _au Toledano, C. _au Svrek, M. _au Cabane, J. _au Tiev, K.P. _ca K.P. Tiev. Service de medecine interne, hopital Saint-Antoine, Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris, universite Paris-VI, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris cedex, France _ab Neurogenic tumors of the small intestine are extremely rare. Although schwannoma is often clinically indolent for many years, complications such as gut compression or bleeding might occur. In these cases, surgical management is required. We reported a case of asymptomatic schwannoma of the duodenojejunal angle. Surgical treatment was performed to provide definitive immunohistochemistry diagnosis and to prevent complications. _la EN _kw Schwannome _kw Tumeur benigne _kw Duodenum _kw Schwannoma _kw Benign tumor _kw Gut _pg 68-70 _mf [XML Cit] 07008363 _t3 CXT0218A 02488663 00290001 07012714 _ii S0248-8663(07)01271-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.revmed.2007.10.411 _ty MIS _li EN _ti Analyse de la litterature _ca chemin des Bourrely, _pg 71-75 _mf [XML Cit] 07012714 _t1 CXT0218A 02540584 _jn Materials Chemistry & Physics _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. _t2 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 _vl 52 _is 2 _pr 99-189 _dt 199802 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 9880014X _ii S0254-0584(98)80014-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80014-X _ty REV _li EN _ti Silicides and ohmic contacts _au Gambino, J.P. _au Colgan, E.G. _ab Silicides and ohmic contacts are an interesting and important part of integrated circuit technology. The integration of silicides and ohmic contacts in advanced CMOS devices uses knowledge from many different fields; solid state physics for the electrical properties of the contacts, materials science for solid state reactions, oxidation and dopant interactions, wet chemistry for patterning, and plasma chemistry and physics for patterning and deposition. This paper gives an overview of the scientific and technological aspects of silicides and ohmic contacts, including the electrical properties of metal-Si contacts, metal and silicide deposition techniques, metal-Si reactions, silicide patterning processes, silicide stability, and device degradation due to silicides. We focus on silicides and ohmic contacts used in advanced CMOS devices, including NiSi, TiSi"2 and CoSi"2 salicides, WSi"2 and TiSi"2 polycides, and W studs. _la EN _kw Silicides _kw Ohmic contacts _pg 99-146 _mf [XML Cit] 9880014X _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800151 _ii S0254-0584(98)80015-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80015-1 _ty FLA _li EN _ti High-coercivity sintered Nd"1"4"."5Dy"1"."5Fq"6"8Co"5Al"1"."5Cr"2B"7"."5 permanent magnet _au Szymura, S. _au Wyslocki, J.J. _au Bala, H. _au Rabinovich, Yu.M. _ca J.J. Wyslocki. Institute of Physics, Technical University of Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland _ab Effect of 1.5 at. % Al and 2.0 at.% Cr additions on microstructure, magnetic properties, thermal stability and corrosion resistance of (Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-B sintered magnet have been studied. It is shown that simultaneous substitution of these elements for Fe in (Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-B magnet causes significant improvement in coercivity and thermal stability; maximum operating temperature up to 473 K may be possible. The corrosion resistance in acid solution and atmospheric environment is also significantly improved by blocking the selective oxidation of the Nd-rieh phase owing to the formation of (Nd,Dy)-(Co,Al,Fe) and (Nd,Dy))-(Fe,Cr,Co) phases. _la EN _kw Nd-Fe-B-type magnets _kw Microstructure _kw Magnetic properties _kw Corrosion resistance _pg 147-151 _mf [XML Cit] 98800151 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800163 _ii S0254-0584(98)80016-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80016-3 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Sintering of Li"xNi"1"-"xO solid solutions at 750 ^oC _au Antolini, E. _ca Ermete Antolini. Enea C.R.E. Casaccia, ERG TEA ECHI, Via Anguillarese 301, 00060 Santa Maria di Galena (Roma), Italy _ab Liquid phase sintering of Li"xNi"1" "-" "xO solid solutions with x = 0.30 and 0.44, obtained by the reaction of a nickel and lithium carbonate powder mixture, was evaluated by means of the shrinkage of the specimens. Only when part of the Li"xNi"1" "-" "xO crystalline structure was present as the hexagonal phase, the presence of a reactive liquid phase of undecomposed lithium carbonate promoted the sintering process. _la EN _kw Lithium nickel oxide _kw Powder processing _kw Liquid phase sintering _pg 152-156 _mf [XML Cit] 98800163 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800175 _ii S0254-0584(98)80017-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80017-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Photoluminescence spectra of LaOBr:Eu^3^+ powder phosphors _au Reddy, K.R. _au Aruna, V. _au Balaji, T. _au Annapuma, K. _au Buddhudu, S. _ca S. Buddhudu. Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 512, India _ab This paper repons the fluorescence spectra of powder phosphors of LaOBr:Eu^3^+ (in six concentrations). These phosphors are brightly fluorescent with a reddish-orange colour under a UV source and they are assigned to a transition (^5D"0 -> ^7F"2) at 615 nm. Colour richness has been assessed by computing the colour coordinates [X, Y] by means of the CIE chromaticity diagram. The relative fluorescence intensity ratios (R) for the different fluorescent bands measured have also been determined. _la EN _kw Photoluminescence spectra _kw Europium phosphors _pg 157-160 _mf [XML Cit] 98800175 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800187 _ii S0254-0584(98)80018-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80018-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Radiation effect on the ultrasonic attenuation and internal friction of tellurite glasses _au El-Mallawany, R. _au Abousehly, A. _au El-Rahamani, A.A. _au Yousef, E. _ca R. El-Mallawany. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt _ab The first measurements of radiation effect on the ultrasonic attenuation in tellurite glasses have been carried out in the semiconducting ternary tellurite glasses in the form 50TeO"2 - (50 - x)V"2O"5 -xAg"2O where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 wt.%. The ultrasonic attenuation coefficients have been measured at the frequency 4 MHz and at room temperature. The internal friction inside these glasses has been calculated. Also, the effect of @c-rays doses on the values of the internal friction has been achieved through the doses 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 Gray. _la EN _kw Radiation effect _kw Ultrasonic attenuation _kw Internal friction _kw Tellurite glasses _pg 161-165 _mf [XML Cit] 98800187 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800199 _ii S0254-0584(98)80019-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80019-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structural and magnetic properties of some mixed Li-Cd ferrites _au Bellad, S.S. _au Pujar, R.B. _au Chougule, B.K. _ca S.S. Bellad. Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India _ab Polycrystalline Li-Cd ferrites with the general formula Li"0"."5" "-" "x"/"2Cdx Fe"2"."5" "-" "x"/"2O"4 are prepared by the standard ceramic technique. The X-ray analysis reveals single phase formation of ferrite samples. The lattice parameter increases linearly with Cd^2^+ content, which can be attributed to ionic volume differences of the component cations involved. The bondlengths R"A and R"B increases as Cd content increases. The increase in bondlength R"B with Cd content suggests that the iono-covalent character of the spinel decreases. The magnetic moment (n"@b) increases with Cd content up to x = 0.3, and then decreases with a further increase in x. The increase in magnetization can be explained on the basis of Neel's two sublattice model whereas decrease in magnetization is attributed to the presence of a triangular arrangement of spins on the B-site and hence can be explained on the three sublattice model as suggested by Yafet and Kittel. _la EN _kw Magnetic properties _kw Lithium ferrites _kw Structural properties _pg 166-169 _mf [XML Cit] 98800199 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800205 _ii S0254-0584(98)80020-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80020-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Ti-based oxide thin films deposited from solution on self-assembly monolayer _au Zhongdang, X. _au Minhua, X. _au Jianhua, G. _au Dang, H. _au Zuhong, L. _ca Xiao Zhongdang. National Laboratory of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China _ab Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane-bearing mercapto groups were used to form self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) on glass substrates. The terminal groups (-SH) of SAMs were oxidized into sulphonate groups (-SO"3H). The role of the sulphonate groups is to augment hydrolysis in the bulk solution by providing anionic reaction centers for oxide formation. The deposition of titanium oxide thin films in varied acidity of TiCl"4 solution has a different yield. Several titanium oxidation states exist in the deposited thin films. _la EN _kw Self-assembly monolayers _kw Titanium oxide thin films _kw X-ray phutoelectron spectroscop _pg 170-174 _mf [XML Cit] 98800205 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800217 _ii S0254-0584(98)80021-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80021-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrical conductivity of some alkali silicate glasses _au Eldin, F.M.E. _au El Alaily, N.A. _ca F.M. Ezz Eldin. National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, PO Box 29, Cairo, Egypt _ab Electrical conductivity and activation energy of some sodium-silicate glasses containing different substituted cations (Ca or Al) at different temperatures, were studied with the view to throw some light on the mechanism of electrical conduction in relation to glass structure. The DC electrical conductivity for samples containing soda alone was higher than samples containing substituted CaO or alumina. The conduction mechanism is attributed to the ability of charge carrier cations (alkali or alkaline earth cations) to move freely or become more mobile. The electrical conductivity of the studied glasses is correlated with the change in chemical composition which affects the change in chemical composition and the internal structure and hence the ability or the freedom of charge carriers to conduct electricity. Moreover, the increase in the activation energy was attributed to the presence of anions with large radii which in turn decrease the electrical conductivity. _la EN _kw Electrical conductivity _kw Alkali silicate glasses _kw Activation energy _pg 175-179 _mf [XML Cit] 98800217 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800229 _ii S0254-0584(98)80022-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80022-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti All solid-state electrochromic device with PMMA gel electrolyte _au Su, L. _au Xiao, Z. _au Lu, Z. _ca Lianyong Su. National Laboratory of Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210018, China _ab A new all solid-state electrochromic display device employing prussian blue and WO"3 particulate film has been fabricated with a PMMA gel electrolyte that has high conductivity (10^-^3 S cm^-^1) at room temperature. After the potential stepping of 5000 times, the transmittance response only lost less than 10% of the initial magnitude. _la EN _kw Electrochromic display device _kw Polymer gel electrolyte _kw WO^3 _pg 180-183 _mf [XML Cit] 98800229 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800230 _ii S0254-0584(98)80023-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80023-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The effect of BaO on the crystallization behaviour of a cordierite-type glass _au Hu, Y. _au Tsai, H.T. _ca Yi Hu. Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC _ab Crystallization kinetics of the cordierite-type (MgAl"1"."8"3S"2"."2"5O"y) glass with the BaO addition (X molar ratio) in the powder form has been studied by non-isothermal DTA. Formation of multiphase corresponding to various BaO content was investigated by X-diffraction technique. Addition of small amount of BaO (X @? 3%) to the cordierite-based glass could suppress the crystallization of the @a-cordierite phase. Enstatite and hexacelsian phases were the predominant phase with the increase of BaO content in the range of 3% < X < 8% and X >= 8%, respectively _la EN _kw Crystallization _kw Cordierite _kw Enstatite _kw Hexacelsian _pg 184-188 _mf [XML Cit] 98800230 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 00520002 98800242 _ii S0254-0584(98)80024-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(98)80024-2 _ty ERR _li EN _ti Corrigendum to ''Stability of the passive state of Al-W sputter deposited amorphous alloys'' _au Wolowik, A. _au Janik-Czachor, M. _au Werner, Z. _ca M. Janik-Czachor. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland _pg 189 _br S0254-0584(97)01883-X _mf [XML Cit] 98800242 _t2 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 _vl 108 _is 1 _pr 1-164 _dt 20080315 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07007468 _ii S0254-0584(07)00746-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(07)00746-8 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg CO2 _mf [XML Cit] 07007468 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 0700750X _ii S0254-0584(07)00750-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0254-0584(07)00750-X _ty CON _li EN _ti Contents _pg v-vi _mf [XML Cit] 0700750X _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005251 _ii S0254-0584(07)00525-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.024 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Synthesis of hollow carbon spheres by one convenient method _au Cai, P.j. _au Feng, L. _ca Pei-jun Cai. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008 Jiangsu, PR China _ab Carbon hollow spheres were prepared at temperatures of 400^oC by the reaction reduction of hexachlorobenzene with metallic sodium. Characterized by XRD, TEM, SAED and Raman spectrum to confirm the composition and morphology of the products are confirmed. The possible formation mechanism was also proposed. _la EN _kw Chemical synthesis _kw Transmission electron microscopy _kw Nanostructures _pg 1-3 _mf [XML Cit] 07005251 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 0700613X _ii S0254-0584(07)00613-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.10.002 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Green hydrothermal synthesis and optical properties of cuprous bromide nanocrystals _au Zhang, Y.C. _au Tang, J.Y. _au Zhou, W.D. _ca Yong Cai Zhang. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou City 225002, China _ab Zincblende structure cuprous bromide (@c-CuBr) nanocrystals were synthesized via a green hydrothermal method, which was based on the reactions of CuSO"4.5H"2O, KBr and d-glucose in distilled water in an autoclave at 100^oC for 12-24h. The structure, composition and optical properties of the resultant products were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis absorption and room temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) spectra. A possible reduction-precipitation mechanism was also proposed for the formation of CuBr in the present system. _la EN _kw Nanostructures _kw Semiconductors _kw Chemical synthesis _kw Optical properties _pg 4-7 _mf [XML Cit] 0700613X _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005317 _ii S0254-0584(07)00531-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.039 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrical measurements and thermal kinetics study of phenothiazine and a few of its derivatives _au Achar, B.N. _au Ashok, M.A. _ca B.N. Achar. Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India _ab Electrical conductivity and thermal degradation studies of phenothiazine (PTZ), acetophenzazine dimaleate (APM), methdilazine hydrochloride (MDH) and mepazine hydrochloride monohydrate (MH) are reported. _la EN _kw Organic compounds _kw Semiconductors _kw Thermogravimetric analysis _kw Electrical conductivity _pg 8-15 _mf [XML Cit] 07005317 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005329 _ii S0254-0584(07)00532-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.035 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Physical properties of AgIn"5S"8 polycrystalline films fabricated by solution growth technique _au Cheng, K.W. _au Huang, C.M. _au Pan, G.T. _au Chen, P.C. _au Lee, T.C. _au Yang, T.C.K. _ca Kong-Wei Cheng. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan _ab Polycrystalline ternary AgIn"5S"8 films were deposited on indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrates by using chemical bath deposition. New procedures for the growth of films are presented. The solutions containing silver nitrate, indium nitrate, triethanolamine, ammonium nitrate, and thioacetamide under acidic conditions were used for the deposition of AgIn"5S"8 polycrystalline films. The influences of various deposition parameters on structural, optical, and electrical properties of films have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns show cubic AgIn"5S"8 is the major crystalline phase. With different substrates, the different crystalline phases were observed. The band gaps and carrier densities of these samples determined from transmittance spectra, electrochemical and Hall measurements are in the range of 1.73-1.85eV and 4.35x10^1^4 to 6.53x10^1^4cm^-^3, respectively. The flat band potentials of these samples are located between -0.31 and -0.41V versus normal hydrogen electrode by using the Mott-Schottky measurements. All samples indicated n-type conductivities by electrochemical and Hall measurements. The maximum photocurrent density of samples prepared in this study was found to be 4.5mAcm^-^2 under the illumination using a 300 Xe lamp system with the light intensity kept at 100mWcm^-^2. _la EN _kw Semiconductors _kw Chemical synthesis _kw Electronic characterization _kw Electrical properties _pg 16-23 _mf [XML Cit] 07005329 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005330 _ii S0254-0584(07)00533-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.033 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Characterization of sol-gel-derived polyhydridosiloxane pre-ceramic polymer _au Khavryuchenko, V.D. _au Natkaniec, I. _au Tarasenko, Y.O. _au Khavryuchenko, O.V. _au Alekseev, S.A. _au Lisnyak, V.V. _ca Oleksiy V. Khavryuchenko. Chemical Department, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Volodymyrska Str., UA-01033 Kyiv, Ukraine _ab The polyhydridosiloxane was manufactured by sol-gel method from triethoxysilane. Methanol, hexane and water adsorption/desorption isotherms of the polyhydridosiloxane were measured at 293K and textural parameters were determined. Fourier transform infrared and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopic examination of the polyhydridosiloxane along with the quantum chemical simulation have resulted in the theoretically grounded assignment of the spectral bands and evaluation of the theoretical model of the polyhydridosiloxane globule. _la EN _kw Amorphous materials _kw Adsorption _kw Inelastic neutron scattering _kw Vibration spectroscopy _pg 24-28 _mf [XML Cit] 07005330 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005342 _ii S0254-0584(07)00534-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.036 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The effect of Ti-addition on the corrosion behavior of the partially crystallized Ni-based bulk metallic glasses _au Tan, C.G. _au Jiang, W.J. _au Zhang, Z.C. _au Wu, X.Q. _au Lin, J.G. _ca J.G. Lin. Faculty of Material Science & Photoelectric Physics, Xiangtan University, Hunan, Xiangtan 411105, China _ab Ni"5"5Nb"3"0Sn"5Ti"5Zr"5 and Ni"5"5Nb"3"0Sn"5Zr"1"0 bulk metallic glasses with the partially crystallized structure were prepared by water-cooled copper-mold casting. The microstructures of the two alloys were investigated by means of XRD. The corrosion behavior of the alloys in 1M NaCl and 1M NaOH aqueous solution at room temperature was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and immersion methods. The surface morphology after corrosion in 10% HCl solution was observed by SEM. Both Ni-based alloys exhibited spontaneous passive behavior in the selected electrolytes. The partially crystallized alloys had higher corrosion resistance in comparison with the fully amorphous alloy. Ti-addition to Ni"5"5Nb"3"0Sn"5Zr"1"0 alloy can improve the corrosion resistance due to the formation of Ti oxides. _la EN _kw Amorphous materials _kw Crystallization _kw Electrochemical property _kw Corrosion _pg 29-32 _mf [XML Cit] 07005342 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005354 _ii S0254-0584(07)00535-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.034 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrochemical characterisation of gallium-aluminium amalgams _au Flamini, D.O. _au Cunci, L. _au Saidman, S.B. _ca S.B. Saidman. Instituto de Ingenieria Electroquimica y Corrosion (INIEC), Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahia Blanca, Argentina _ab The electrochemical behaviour of aluminium recovered by a film of liquid gallium and gallium-aluminium amalgams in chloride and acetic acid solutions and in distilled water has been investigated using electrochemical and surface analytical techniques. The development of a very reactive interface is described. It is proposed that, besides gallium losses, the deposition of corrosion products on the electrode surface also contributes to passivation. The influence of electrode configuration and electrolyte composition on the development of the active interface as well as on its posterior deactivation is discussed. _la EN _kw Aluminium _kw Gallium _kw Activation mechanism _kw Amalgam _pg 33-38 _mf [XML Cit] 07005354 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005366 _ii S0254-0584(07)00536-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.08.037 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrophysical properties of electroconducting papers and cardboards treated with colloid-graphite solutions _au Bibikov, S.B. _au Gorshenev, V.N. _au Sharafiev, R.S. _au Kuznetsov, A.M. _ca S.B. Bibikov. Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation _ab The treatment of cardboards and papers by means of colloid-graphite water dispersions was suggested for manufacturing the materials with surface electrical resistivity @r"S in the range of ~10^1 to 10^6@W. It is shown that low-frequency ac conductivity of the colloid dispersion can be used for the treatment process control. The samples of electrically conductive paper with @r"S=20@W were produced. Different types of the electroconductive cardboards and papers were studied by means of both dc techniques and the microwave surface resistivity measurements. The problem of the optimal parameters of electroconductive papers for electromagnetic wave absorbers is discussed. The dependences of electrophysical properties of cardboard after the treatment on processing time and concentration of the colloidal-graphite solution are presented. _la EN _kw Coatings _kw Electrical conductivity _kw Screening _kw Colloid graphite _pg 39-44 _mf [XML Cit] 07005366 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005500 _ii S0254-0584(07)00550-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti pH tunable morphology of the gold nanoparticles produced by citrate reduction _au Patungwasa, W. _au Hodak, J.H. _ca Jose H. Hodak. Center for Nanoscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand _ab The reduction of AuCl"4^- by citrate produces gold nanoparticles with a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the exact conditions used in the preparation. We present results that show that the pH of the reacting mixture has a dramatic effect on the size, polydispersity and morphology of the resulting gold nanoparticles. This occurs by altering the citrate charge controlling its stabilizing effect during the growth of the particles. On one hand, wide size distributions of predominantly polyhedra are obtained at pH lower than 5.0. On the other hand, narrow size distributions of nearly spherical particles are obtained at pH higher than 6. A mixture of ellipsoidal and other shapes with aspect ratio larger than one is formed when the reaction is performed at a pH in the 5-6 range. The mean particle diameters as well as the width of the distributions decrease monotonically as the pH of the solution increases settling to the well-known values for these colloids with a width of ca. 10% of the mean diameter. The variation in the size distribution is controlled mainly by the average charge per citrate molecule. _la EN _kw Nanostructures _kw Powder metallurgy _kw Crystal growth _kw Chemical synthesis _pg 45-54 _mf [XML Cit] 07005500 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005512 _ii S0254-0584(07)00551-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.005 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Improving dielectric loss and enhancing figure of merit of Ba"0"."5Sr"0"."5Ti"0"."9"5Mg"0"."0"5O"3 thin films doped by aluminum _au Lee, S.Y. _au Chiou, B.S. _au Lu, H.H. _ca Shean-Yih Lee. Department of Electronic Engineering and Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan, ROC _ab The different Al contents effects of Ba"0"."5Sr"0"."5Ti"0"."9"5Mg"0"."0"5O"3 (BSTM) thin films grown on Pt/TiN/SiO"2/Si substrates in the crystallographic structure, surface morphology, dielectric constant, loss tangent, leakage current, and figure of merit were investigated. The BSTM films properties are studied as a function of Al content and have remarkable improvements including dielectric loss, leakage current, and figure of merit (FOM) as well as films grain sizes. With increasing Al content, the dielectric constant (k), tunability (T), loss tangent (tan@d), and leakage current density (J"L) decrease while the FOM, defined as T/tan@d, and breakdown strength increases. The maximum dielectric constant at zero bias, tunability, dielectric loss, FOM, and leakage current density of 1mol% Al-doped BSTM films at 280kVcm^-^1 are 248, 40%, 0.0093, 43, and 3.76x10^-^7Acm^-^2, however, the same measured conditions of undoped BSTM films are 341, 54%, 0.0265, 20, and 1.19x10^-^6Acm^-^2, respectively. The dc resistivity increases from 2.33x10^1^1@Wcm of the BSTM film to 6.08x10^1^2@Wcm of the 5mol% Al-doped BSTM film at 280kVcm^-^1. In addition, the tolerance factor (t) of Al-doped BSTM perovskite thin films is 0.97 as compared to 0.87 of the undoped BSTM thin films. The increasing of tolerance factor value indicates that the specimens with Al-doped BSTM films are more stable than undoped specimens. _la EN _kw BSTM thin films _kw Al doped _kw Grain size _kw Dielectric loss _kw Figure of merit (FOM) _pg 55-60 _mf [XML Cit] 07005512 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005524 _ii S0254-0584(07)00552-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The antimicrobial efficacy of polyamide 6/silver-nano- and microcomposites _au Damm, C. _au Munstedt, H. _au Rosch, A. _ca C. Damm. Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Polymer Materials, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany _ab The antimicrobial efficacy of polyamide 6/silver-nano- and microcomposites against Escherichia coli was studied as a function of the filler content. Polyamide 6 filled with 0.06wt.% silver nanoparticles is able to eliminate the bacteria completely within 24h. A polyamide 6/silver-microcomposite containing 1.9wt.% of silver kills only about 80% of the bacteria during the same time. Silver ion release tests were performed to find out the reason for the much higher antimicrobial efficacy of the nanocomposite materials. The silver ion release from the polyamide 6/silver-composites obeys a zero-order rate law. The silver ion release rate increases with growing filler content. For a fixed filler content the rate of the silver ion release from the nanocomposites is about one order of magnitude higher in comparison to the microcomposites, because of the much larger specific surface area of the nanoparticles. A correlation between the silver ion release rate and the antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli was found. If the rate of the silver ion release is at least 9.5x10^-^4mgl^-^1cm^-^2day^-^1 the silver-filled materials are able to eliminate E. coli completely within 24h. This value is reached for polyamide 6 filled with 0.06wt.% of silver nanoparticles. The rate of silver ion release from the microcomposites is below this threshold value even if the filler content is 1.9wt.%. _la EN _kw Antimicrobial efficacy _kw Silver ion release _kw Polyamide 6 _kw Nanocomposites _pg 61-66 _mf [XML Cit] 07005524 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005536 _ii S0254-0584(07)00553-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Friction and wear properties of surface-treated carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyimide composites under oil-lubricated condition _au Li, J. _au Cheng, X.H. _ca J. Li. School of Mechanical & Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China _ab Carbon fibers (CF) were surface treated with air-oxidation and rare earth solution (RES), respectively. The friction and wear properties of the polyimide (PI) composites filled with differently surface-treated carbon fibers (20vol.%), sliding against GCr15 steel under oil-lubricated condition, were investigated on a ball-on-block reciprocating UMT-2MT tribometer. Experimental results revealed that RES treatment largely reduced the friction and wear of CF reinforced PI (CF/PI) composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation of worn surfaces of CF/PI composites showed that RES treated CF/PI composite had the strongest interfacial adhesion and the smoothest worn surface under given load and reciprocating sliding frequency. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of carbon fiber surface showed that the oxygen concentration was obviously increased after RES treatment. The increase in the amount of organic functional groups increased the interfacial adhesion between CF and PI matrix, and accordingly lowered coefficients of friction and wear rates. _la EN _kw Friction _kw Wear _kw XPS _kw Adhesion _pg 67-72 _mf [XML Cit] 07005536 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 0700555X _ii S0254-0584(07)00555-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.007 _ty FLA _li EN _ti SBA-15 synthesis: Are there lasting effects of temperature change within the first 10min of TEOS polymerization? _au Brodie-Linder, N. _au Dosseh, G. _au Alba-Simonesco, C. _au Audonnet, F. _au Imperor-Clerc, M. _ca Nancy Brodie-Linder. Department of Chemistry, Universite de Cergy Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France _ab Thermal treatments before and after precipitation during the synthesis of SBA-15 materials were studied. It was found that thermal treatments in a range of 28-55^oC during the first 10min of TEOS polymerization had an effect on surface silanol groups and the amount of microporosity in the final SBA-15 materials. FTIR analysis of these obtained SBA-15 materials indicates that a change in the distribution of the type of surface silanol groups when the initial reaction temperature is raised to 55^oC occurs. The total pore volume was found to decrease with the increase of temperature which exhibits a decrease in microporosity. Post-synthesis grafting to replace silanol groups by OSi(CH"3)"3 groups was used as a micropore blocking device. This method seems to reply more realistically to the experimental results as compared to the @a"s plot method. _la EN _kw SBA-15 _kw Thermal treatment _kw IR spectroscopy _kw Microporosity _kw Silanol groups _kw Adsorption _pg 73-81 _mf [XML Cit] 0700555X _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005585 _ii S0254-0584(07)00558-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.004 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The changes of morphology, structure and optical properties from carbon nanotubes treated by hydrogen plasma _au Zeng, L. _au Wang, W. _au Liang, J. _au Wang, Z. _au Xia, Y. _au Lei, D. _au Ren, X. _au Yao, N. _au Zhang, B. _ca Weibiao Wang. Key Laboratory of Excited State Processes, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China _ab In this paper, carbon nanotubes synthesized by floating catalyst method were purified by liquid-phase oxidation method and treated by hydrogen plasma with different time. The morphology and microstructure of carbon nanotubes were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Raman spectroscope. The results showed that carbon nanotubes with bamboo-like structure changed solid and helical structure with the treatment of hydrogen plasma for 5h and 10h, and the intensity of D peak in Raman spectrum was larger and larger. The UV-vis absorption spectrum indicated that the absorption peak of treated carbon nanotubes was redshifted, stronger and narrower than that of untreated carbon nanotubes. However, the effect of hydrogen plasma treatment on the FT-IR spectrum of carbon nanotubes was slight. The results probably made carbon nanotubes have important applications in optical absorption material with controllable wavelength. _la EN _kw Carbon nanotubes _kw Hydrogen plasma _kw Microscope _kw Optical properties _pg 82-87 _mf [XML Cit] 07005585 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005597 _ii S0254-0584(07)00559-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Synthesis and crystal structure of dicobalt nickel orthoborate, Co"2Ni(BO"3)"2 _au Tekin, B. _au Guler, H. _ca Halil Guler. Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Balikesir University, 10145 Balikesir, Turkey _ab A new binary metal borate compound, dicobalt nickel orthoborate, Co"2Ni(BO"3)"2 has been successfully synthesized by thermally-induced solid-state chemical reaction at 900^oC between the initial reactants of Co(NO"3)"2.6H"2O, Ni(NO"3)"2.6H"2O and H"3BO"3 (mol ratio 2:1:2). The product was structurally characterized by powder X-ray diffraction technique. Co"2Ni(BO"3)"2 crystallizes in the kotoite type and isostructural with the chemical formula M"3(BO"3)"2 where M=Mg, Co and Ni. Co"2Ni(BO"3)"2 belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system with the refined unit cell parameters of a=5.444(8), b=8.404(0), c=4.504(1)A, Z=2 and space group was determined as Pnmn. FTIR, elemental analysis and thermal analysis were also discussed in the article. _la EN _kw Inorganic materials _kw Chemical synthesis _kw Powder diffraction _kw Crystal structure _pg 88-91 _mf [XML Cit] 07005597 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005615 _ii S0254-0584(07)00561-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.009 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Study on kinetics and electrochemical properties of Ml"0"."7"0Mg"0"."3"0(Ni"3"."9"5Co"0"."7"5Mn"0"."1"5Al"0"."1"5)"x (x=0.60, 0.64, 0.68, 0.70, 0.76) alloys _au Li, Y. _au Han, S. _au Li, J. _au Zhu, X. _au Hu, L. _ca Shumin Han. State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China _ab In our endeavor to obtain hydrogen storage alloys with high discharge capacity and good cycling stability, the Ml"0"."7"0Mg"0"."3"0(Ni"3"."9"5Co"0"."7"5Mn"0"."1"5Al"0"."1"5)"x (x=0.60, 0.64, 0.68, 0.70, 0.76) (where Ml denotes La-rich misch metal) alloys with Ml substitution for La and B-side multi-alloying have been prepared by inductive melting, and the effect of stoichiometry x on the electrochemical properties has been investigated systematically. XRD analysis shows that the alloys are mainly composed of LaNi"5 phase and LaNi"3 phase. The electrochemical test shows that the maximum discharge capacity, kinetics, high rate dischargeability (HRD) and low temperature dischargeability (LTD) all increase and then decrease with increasing x. The alloy with x=0.64 has larger maximum discharge capacity, 372mAhg^-^1. As the case of x=0.70, the alloy exhibits better kinetics, HRD and LTD. The testing alloys exhibit good cycling stability, and the capacity retention of the alloys at the 100th cycles increases from 78.0% (x=0.60) to 90.3% (x=0.76). _la EN _kw Hydrogen storage alloy _kw Non-stoichiometric _kw Kinetics _kw Electrochemical properties _pg 92-96 _mf [XML Cit] 07005615 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005627 _ii S0254-0584(07)00562-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.024 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of niobium and aluminium additions in TiAl prealloyed powders during high-energy ball milling _au Kumaran, S. _au Chantaiah, B. _au Srinivasa Rao, T. _ca S. Kumaran. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu, India _ab Mechanical alloying (MA) of TiAl/TiAl-xNb-yAl-1Cr (x=4, 8 and 12, y=2.5, 4 and 6.5 in at.%) was carried out with optimized ball milling parameters. MA of prealloyed TiAl powder resulted nanocrystalline structure at early stages of MA and sustained up to 50h. TiAl-Nb-Al-Cr systems exhibited amorphous structure in lower Nb and Al content and formation of Nb"2Al nanocrystalline compound with increasing Nb and Al additions. Stability of TiAl covalent bonded intermetallic compound was weakened by dissolution of Nb in the matrix and resulted amorphous structure. Formation of brittle Nb"2Al and presence of TiAl compounds favoured fracturing during MA which resulted particle refinement to submicron size and spherical morphology. DTA scans exhibit no phase transformation in nanocrystalline TiAl and nanointermetallic composites, but amorphous powder exhibits a sharp exothermic peak. _la EN _kw Titanium aluminide _kw Amorphous structure _kw Niobium aluminides _kw Nanocomposites _pg 97-101 _mf [XML Cit] 07005627 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005639 _ii S0254-0584(07)00563-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.010 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Y"2Zr"2O"7 (YZ)-pyrochlore based oxide as an electrolyte material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs)-Influence of Mn addition on YZ _au Kumar, M. _au Raj, I.A. _au Pattabiraman, R. _ca I. Arul Raj. Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India _ab Compositions in the pyrochlore system Y"2Zr"2O"7 (YZ) and Y"2Zr"2"-"xMn"xO"7"-"@d (YZM) (where x=0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.10) were examined as possible alternatives to stabilised zirconia solid oxide electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC). Such materials were prepared by glycine-nitrate combustion process. The prepared compounds were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction and Thermal analysis. Circular pellets were fabricated and annealed at different temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1400^oC. The sintering behaviour of YZ and YZM were investigated to obtain information on the densification factor, relative percentage shrinkage/expansion in volume after heat treatment and apparent porosity value. The small doping level of Mn (@?10.0wt%) resulted in increased conductivity values. The component diffusion coefficients and mobility of ions are calculated from its conductivity value. D"c"o"m"p and @m"i are found in the range of 10^-^8cm^2s^-^1 and 10^-^7cm^2V^-^1s^-^1, respectively. The key features, which make the YZ and YZM systems attractive as a fuel cell electrolyte, are discussed. _la EN _kw Yttrium zirconate pyrochlore oxides _kw Combustion method _kw Sintering studies _kw Scanning electron microscope _kw Conductivity measurements _pg 102-108 _mf [XML Cit] 07005639 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005640 _ii S0254-0584(07)00564-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Chemical bond approach to glass transition temperature and crystallization activation energy in Se"9"0In"1"0"-"xSn"x (2@?x@?8) semiconducting glasses _au Lafi, O.A. _au Imran, M.M.A. _au Abdullah, M.K. _ca Mousa M.A. Imran. Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Science, Prince Abdullah Bin Ghazi Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Al-Salt-19117, Jordan _ab Ternary chalcogenide glasses Se"9"0In"1"0"-"xSn"x (2@?x@?8at.%) have been prepared by melt quenching technique. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) has been used to determine the glass transition temperature T"g, onset T"c and peak T"p temperatures of crystallization. The variation of both T"c and T"p with the heating rate has been utilized to calculate the activation energy of crystallization E"c, under non-isothermal condition, using Kissinger, Ozawa, Augis and Bennet and Takhor models. Results reveal that both T"g and E"c decrease with the addition of Sn up to 6at.% with sharp increase in both values at 8at.% and the crystal growth occurs in one-dimension. The overall mean bond energy is found to decrease with Sn concentration and the correlation of both T"g and E"c with is linear up to 6at.% of Sn where as at 8at.%, deviation from linearity is observed and an empirical relation of the form T"g(orE"c)=@?"i"="0^3C"i^i has been suggested to describe such behavior. The obtained crosslinking parameter P"r"i"c"h and R-values reveal the occurrence of chemically stable composition at higher percentages of Sn. _la EN _kw Glass transition temperature _kw Crystallization activation energy _kw Overall mean bond energy _kw Crosslinking parameter _pg 109-114 _mf [XML Cit] 07005640 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005652 _ii S0254-0584(07)00565-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.025 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Interfacial strengths of organosilicate glasses deposited on silicon wafers _au Liu, T.C. _au Lee, S. _au Chen, B.T. _au Jang, S.M. _ca Sanboh Lee. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan _ab The interfacial strengths of organosilicate glasses deposited on silicon wafer have been investigated. Three different testing methods, the microscratch test, four-point bending test, and the modified edge lift-off test, were used to determine the interfacial strengths between the inorganic C-doped organosilicate glass (OSG) and the silicon wafer. The results show that the adhesion energy decreases with increasing film thickness in the four-point bending and modified edge lift-off tests, but it increases as the thickness increases in the microscratch test. The difference in the trends is due to the different deformation modes operating in the testing processes. _la EN _kw Interface _kw Adhesion _kw Chemical vapor deposition _kw Mechanical testing _pg 115-119 _mf [XML Cit] 07005652 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005664 _ii S0254-0584(07)00566-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.012 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The first-principles study on the LaN _au Ciftci, Y.O. _au Colakoglu, K. _au Deligoz, E. _au Ozisik, H. _ca Y.O. Ciftci. Gazi University, Department Of Physics, Teknikokullar, 06500 Ankara, Turkey _ab We present the results of ab-initio study on the structural, elastic, thermodynamics, and electronic properties of the nonmagnetic Lanthanum nitride (LaN) using the plane-wave pseudopotential approach to the density-functional theory within the generalized-gradient approximation implemented in VASP (Viena Ab-initio Simulation Package). The calculated structural parameters (the lattice constant, bulk modulus, cohesive energy), the phase transition pressure from NaCl (B1) to CsCl (B2) phase, elastic constants, Zener anisotropy factor (A), Poisson ratio (@n), Young's modulus (Y), Shear modulus (C'), Debye temperature, and band structures are presented. The obtained results are compared with the available experimental and the other theoretical results. _la EN _kw Nitrides _kw Ab-initio calculations _kw Band structures _kw Mechanical properties _pg 120-123 _mf [XML Cit] 07005664 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005676 _ii S0254-0584(07)00567-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.013 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Physicochemical properties and electrochemical behavior of binary manganese-cobalt oxide electrodes for supercapacitor applications _au Chang, J.K. _au Lee, M.T. _au Huang, C.H. _au Tsai, W.T. _ca Jeng-Kuei Chang. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan _ab Binary Mn-Co oxide electrodes were prepared by anodic deposition at 25^oC in a mixture of manganese acetate and cobalt acetate aqueous solutions. It was found that the Mn-to-Co content ratio in the oxide could be easily controlled by adjusting the composition of the plating solution. The chemical states of the oxides produced were analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and the deposition mechanism was thus explored in this study. Chronopotentiometry was also performed to evaluate the pseudocapacitive characteristics of the oxide electrodes. The experimental results indicated that an appropriate amount of Co addition could effectively inhibit the anodic dissolution of Mn and consequently improve the electrochemical reversibility and stability of the oxide electrode. However, it was also confirmed that high Co content caused a significant reduction in the specific capacitance of the oxide. _la EN _kw Oxides _kw Electrochemical properties _kw Thin films _kw X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS) _pg 124-131 _mf [XML Cit] 07005676 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005688 _ii S0254-0584(07)00568-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.014 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Facile route to @c-Fe"2O"3/SiO"2 nanocomposite used as a precursor of magnetic fluid _au Hong, R.Y. _au Fu, H.P. _au Di, G.Q. _au Zheng, Y. _au Wei, D.G. _ca R.Y. Hong. Chem. Eng. Department & Key Lab. of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Prov., Soochow University, SIP, Suzhou 215123, China _ab Maghemite (@c-Fe"2O"3) nanoparticles (NPs) homogeneously dispersed in silica matrix were obtained via a three-step chemical procedure at mild conditions. The acid-treated solids were obtained using silica NPs, Fe(NO"3)"3.9H"2O and acetic acid. The nanocomposites with various contents of maghemite were prepared by heating the acid-treated solids at 80^oC for 2h and then at 400^oC for 1h. The acid-treated solids were studied by means of Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The morphology and particle size of the magnetic nanocrystallites were evaluated by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, while the nature of the obtained nanocomposites was studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), showing that the acid treatment played a critical role for the magnetic-phase formation and the maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) of the obtained nanocomposite was 37.78emug^-^1. However, when FeCl"3.6H"2O was used as precursor instead of Fe(NO"3)"3.9H"2O, pure hematite (@a-Fe"2O"3) particles dispersed in silica matrix were obtained. Magnetic fluid (MF) was prepared using the maghemite/silica nanocomposites by high-energy ball milling and was characterized by UV-vis, Gouy magnetic balance and rotating rheometer. _la EN _kw Nanocrystallites _kw Composite materials _kw Iron oxide _kw Magnetic properties _pg 132-141 _mf [XML Cit] 07005688 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 0700569X _ii S0254-0584(07)00569-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.021 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Dielectric properties and physical features of phosphate glasses containing iron oxide _au Bergo, P. _au Pontuschka, W.M. _au Prison, J.M. _ca P. Bergo. Physical Institute, Sao Paulo University, Rua do Matao, Travessa R 187, CEP 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil _ab Microwave techniques were applied to the study of dielectric properties of phosphate glasses on the basis of contributions from permanent and induced dipolar polarization of local structural units interacting with the electrical component of the electromagnetic radiation. The dielectric constant of the selected glass system (100-x)(50P"2O"5.25Li"2O.25Na"2O).xFe"2O"3, where 0@?x@?21 is in mol%, was measured using a microwave setup assembled to measure the phase shift of the standing wave pattern produced by the insertion of the sample. It is shown that the Fe^2^+ ions contribute effectively to the dielectric constant, as expected from the interactions of the dipoles of the local charge compensation pairs with the microwave radiation. However, there is the possibility of occurrence of some ions Fe^3^+, in general, at low iron content, which reinforces the glass structure and, therefore, decreases the dielectric constant. There is a gradual conversion from Fe^3^+ to Fe^2^+ as the iron ions increases. This is possibly the reason of the anomaly in the dielectric constant values observed in the results. These assumptions can be checked by results of electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption (OA). The dielectric constant of the glasses studied in this work was found to increase with the temperature in the range of 25-330^oC. _la EN _kw Microwave _kw Permanent dipole _kw Iron _kw Phosphate glasses _kw Dielectric _kw Absorption _pg 142-146 _mf [XML Cit] 0700569X _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005706 _ii S0254-0584(07)00570-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.026 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Preparation of agglomerated particles of TiO"2 and silica-coated magnetic particle _au Tawkaew, S. _au Supothina, S. _ca Sittinun Tawkaew. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhonnayok 26120, Thailand _ab Agglomerated particles of TiO"2 and silica-coated magnetic particles were prepared and utilized as a magnetically separated photocatalyst. The magnetic particle, @c-Fe"2O"3, was prepared by a reduction-precipitation method. Silica was coated onto @c-Fe"2O"3 by the hydrolysis of sodium silicate solution. Agglomerated particles of TiO"2 and silica-coated magnetic particles were prepared by mixing TiO"2 particles and silica-coated magnetic particles and followed by calcination at 500^oC for 30min. The prepared sample responded to magnetic field. The coating of silica intermediate layer was found to improve acid resistance of the catalyst. Moreover, the coating suppressed the electron-hole recombination and the electron-hole transfer from the TiO"2 particle to the @c-Fe"2O"3 core. Photocatalytic activity of the catalysts either with or without the silica layer towards methylene blue decomposition was in the order of TiO"2>T-SdF>T-SF>SF>Blank@?>T-F>F catalysts. _la EN _kw Magnetic particles _kw Titanium dioxide _kw Photodecomposition _kw Coating _pg 147-153 _mf [XML Cit] 07005706 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 07005718 _ii S0254-0584(07)00571-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.018 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Preparation and photocatalytic properties of Cr/Ti hollow spheres _au Kim, H.R. _au Eom, Y. _au Lee, T.G. _au Shul, Y.G. _ca Tai Gyu Lee. Yonsei Center for Clean Technology, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea _ab Cr/Ti hollow spheres were prepared using poly-(styrene-methyl acrylic acid) latex particles as a template. The photodecomposition of the methylene blue (MB) was evaluated on these Cr/Ti hollow spheres under visible light irradiation. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, UV-DRS, SEM, and BET, and the prepared sample was obtained with the formation of predominant rutile. The observation from UV-DRS showed that the increase of Cr^3^+ contents shifted the light absorption of the specimens to the visible region. In this study, the 0.5% Cr/Ti hollow sphere exhibited the highest MB photodecomposition. The BET surface area was found to be ~25.5m^2g^-^1 for the 0.5% Cr/Ti hollow sphere. The modification of the TiO"2 surface by chromium ion improved the photocatalytic activity under visible light. _la EN _kw Cr/Ti hollow sphere _kw TiO"2 _kw Photocatalyst _kw Visible light _kw Methylene blue _pg 154-159 _mf [XML Cit] 07005718 _t3 CXT0218A 02540584 01080001 0700572X _ii S0254-0584(07)00572-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.09.033 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Growth and structural characterization of ZnO on Y"2O"3/YSZ by pulsed laser deposition _au Lin, C.W. _au Ho, Y.T. _au Chang, L. _ca Li Chang. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan _ab Pulsed laser deposition was used to form epitaxial Y"2O"3 buffer layers on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (111) substrates, followed by formation of epitaxial ZnO. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that Y"2O"3 has high-quality crystalline characteristics with a smooth (111) surface, providing a good buffer for deposition of ZnO films on YSZ. For ZnO deposition, a two-step growth process had been adopted, which consisted of low-temperature nucleation and high-temperature growth. ZnO films on Y"2O"3/YSZ have good structural qualities in c-axis orientation with smooth surfaces. Electron diffraction patterns show an orientation relationship of [21@?1@?0]"Z"n"O//[01@?1]"Y"""2"O"""3 and (0002)"Z"n"O//(222)"Y"""2"O"""3. High-resolution TEM clearly reveals that both the interfaces of ZnO/Y"2O"3 and Y"2O"3/YSZ are flat without the formation of any interlayers. _la EN _kw Oxides _kw Epitaxial growth _kw Electron microscopy _kw Microstructure _pg 160-164 _mf [XML Cit] 0700572X _t1 CXT0218A 02578972 _jn Surface & Coatings Technology _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. _t2 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 _vl 76-77 _pr 377-840 _cf [name] International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films _cf [date] 19950424/28 _cf [editor] Jehn H.A., Matthews A., McGuire G.E., Petrov I. _xt Part 2 _dt 199512 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026320 _ii 0257-8972(95)02632-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02632-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Nitride nanophases in a plasma-assisted surface modified steel _au Palacios, M. _au Salas, O. _au Munoz, M. _au Oseguera, J. _au Schabes Retchkiman, P. _ab In this work we present a study of the near surface phases present in a 1018 steel nitrided by a weakly excited plasma in an ionic nitriding reactor. Characterization of the plasma by optical emission spectroscopy identified N"2 and N"2^+ as the active species. From these data, the vibrational temperatures were estimated assuming a Boltzmann distribution for the vibrational levels. The microstructure of the nitride layers was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Electron microscopy identified the equilibrium between the @?-Fe"2"-"5(C, N) and @c'-Fe"4(C, N) phases and HREM indicated that (0001)"@? @? (111)"@c"'. We have also identified the metastable @a''-Fe"1"6(N, C)"2 phase in the @a-Fe diffusion zone with the following relationship orientation: (020)"@a"'' @? (020)"@a"-"F"e and [100]"@a"'' @? [100]"@a"-"F"e. _la EN _kw Plasma nitriding _kw Active species _kw Nitride characterization _pg 377-381 _mf [XML Cit] 95026320 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026053 _ii 0257-8972(95)02605-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02605-3 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of magnetron sputtering process parameters on wear properties of steel/Cr"3Si or Cr/MoS"x _au Weise, G. _au Teresiak, A. _au Bacher, I. _au Markschlager, P. _au Kampschulte, G. _ab The film system steel/Cr"3Si or Cr/MoS"x was produced by r.f. and d.c. magnetron sputtering with variation of the following process parameters: working pressure P"A"r; sputter power P; and target-substrate distance TSA, in both intermittent and stationary modes. The layer system had a thicknesses < 1 @mm; the interlayers were thinner than 100 nm. The chemical characterisation was performed using EDX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis); a structural characterisation was accomplished by X-ray diffraction. The chemical composition was changed by decreasing the TSA, increasing p"A"r or P, and by changing the mode (intermittent or stationary). An increase in p"A"r to values greater than 1.3 Pa at a TSA of 40 or 80 mm was found to lead to an increased oxygen content. The layers were microcrystalline and showed no texture for any parameter set. X-Ray diffraction patterns show mainly the (002) reflection with different degrees of ordering. The wear properties were investigated with the pin-on-disk test. The MoS"x layers with (002) reflections without additional (100) or (110) reflections showed only small abrasion. The formation of this modified MoS"x layer is the connecting link between process parameters and wear properties. _la EN _kw Low friction film MoS"x _kw R.f. magnetron sputtering _kw Tribology _kw Composition and structure _pg 382-392 _mf [XML Cit] 95026053 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025200 _ii 0257-8972(95)02520-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02520-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Nanostructure of Au-20% Pd layers in MoS"2 multilayer solid lubricant films _au Jayaram, G. _au Marks, L.D. _au Hilton, M.R. _ca M.R. Hilton. Mechanics and Materials Technology Center, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA _ab High-resolution electron microscopy imaging and electron and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to characterize the structure of low and high flux Au-20% Pd layers in Au-20% Pd/MoS"2 multilayer solid lubricant thin films. Images clearly reveal different morphologies for the metal layers in the two flux regimes, which can be correlated to the variation in fracture resistance reported by an earlier indentation study. In the lower metal flux regime, three-dimensional islands with single-crystal and multiply twinned structures are seen, while quasi-continuous, polycrystalline regions are seen in the higher flux case. _la EN _kw Solid lubricants _kw Multilayer films _kw Transmission electron microscopy _kw Fracture toughness _pg 393-399 _mf [XML Cit] 95025200 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025774 _ii 0257-8972(95)02577-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02577-4 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Friction properties of WS"2/graphite fluoride thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition _au Zabinski, J.S. _au Florkey, J.E. _au Walck, S.D. _au Bultman, J.E. _au McDevitt, N.T. _ca J.S. Zabinski. WL/MLBT, Materials Directorate, WPAFB, OH 45433, USA _ab Graphite fluoride (CF"x) is investigated as an additive for WS"2 thin films to reduce its sensitivity to moisture. The films are grown onto hardened 440C stainless steel disks by pulsed laser deposition using the 248 nm line from an excimer laser. Substrate temperature and additive concentration are varied to control film chemistry and crystal structure. The effect of relative humidity (i.e., < 1 to 85% RH) on friction is evaluated. Coatings grown at RT from targets with a low concentration of CF"x exhibit ultralow friction (ULF) behavior in dry air (i.e., @m =< 0.01), but friction increases with RH. Mechanisms for the ULF behavior are proposed which suggest that further reductions in friction are possible. Films grown at 300 ^oC or with higher concentrations of CF"x are relatively insensitive to humidity, but have more typical friction coefficients (@m =< 0.04) in dry air. _la EN _kw Friction _kw Additive _kw Humidity _kw Tungsten disulfide _kw Graphite fluoride _pg 400-406 _mf [XML Cit] 95025774 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025650 _ii 0257-8972(95)02565-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02565-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Evaluation of PS 212 coatings under boundary lubrication conditions with an ester-based oil to 300 ^oC _au Sliney, H.E. _au Loomis, W.R. _au DellaCorte, C. _ca Christopher DellaCorte. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA _ab High friction and wear of turbine engine components occur during high temperature excursions above the oxidation threshold of the liquid lubricant. This paper reports on research to study the use of a high temperature self lubricating coating, PS 212 for back-up lubrication in the event of failure of the liquid lubricant. Pin on disk tests were performed under dry and boundary-lubricated conditions at disk temperatures up to 300 ^oC. The liquid lubricant was a formulated polyol ester qualified under MIL L-23699. At test temperatures above the oil's thermal degradation level, the use of PS212 reduced wear, providing a back-up lubricant effect. _la EN _kw Coatings _kw Lubrication _pg 407-414 _mf [XML Cit] 95025650 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025642 _ii 0257-8972(95)02564-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02564-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A study of the tribological and electrical properties of sputtered and burnished transition metal dichalcogenide films _au Waghray, H. _au Lee, T.S. _au Tatarchuk, B.J. _ab Films of transition metal dichalcogenides of the form MX"2 (M = Mo, W, Nb or Ta; X = S, Se or Te) were deposited onto 440C stainless steel substrates by either burnishing or sputtering. Not all the dichalcogenides formed adherent films. The coefficients of friction and contact resistances of the films were measured simultaneously using a modified CSEM pin-on-disc tribometer at a current of 1 A. Static resistivities of the films were measured using a standard four-point probe before and after sliding tests. Wear rates were also determined. The tribological and electrical properties of thin films were found to be significantly different from those of the corresponding hot-pressed compacts. MoS"2 showed the best lubrication performance among all the films. Sliding contact resistances for all the dichalcogenide films were about the same and did not show any correlation with static resistivities. In addition, the static four-point resistivities of films were three to five orders of magnitude greater than that of stainless steel, while the sliding contact resistances were only one order of magnitude higher. These results were attributed to the localized heating-melting at points of contact caused by the applied current. _la EN _kw Tribology _kw Lubricant films _kw Friction _kw Wear _kw Contact resistance _pg 415-420 _mf [XML Cit] 95025642 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026266 _ii 0257-8972(95)02626-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02626-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of the electrical current on the graphite surface in an electrical sliding contact _au Csapo, E. _au Zaidi, H. _au Paulmier, D. _au Kadiri, E.K. _au Bouchoucha, A. _au Robert, F. _ab The tribological behaviour of graphite-graphite contact is affected by the electrical current. The friction coefficient and wear rate decrease when the contact is crossed by an electrical current, which acts to increase the number of contact asperities and to decrease their sizes. In a previous paper we have shown that, when an electric current crosses a sliding graphite-graphite contact, the friction coefficient decreases (H. Zaidi, E. Csapo, H. Nery and D. Paulmier, Surf. Coat. Technol., 62 (1993) 388-392). Atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy show that the basal planes of surfaces crossed by an electrical current are deformed and contribute to increasing the number of junctions, which enhances the electrical conduction and then influences the tribological behaviour of the graphite in the contact. From the multiplicity and the diversification of our experimental results we have elucidated the principal causes responsible for this phenomenon. It appears that the electrical current has a tendency to modify the orientation of the high density superficial graphitic planes to ease its passage across the oriented graphite layers. In this paper we present and discuss the results obtained with the surface analysis. _la EN _kw Graphite _kw Friction _kw Electrical current _kw Environment _pg 421-424 _mf [XML Cit] 95026266 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025138 _ii 0257-8972(95)02513-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02513-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Plasma diffusion treatment and duplex treatment - recent development and new applications _au Rie, K.T. _au Broszeit, E. _ab Plasma diffusion treatment (PDT) is one of the most promising methods for improving both the surface and the near-surface properties. The duplex treatment combining the plasma diffusion with PVD or PACVD provides an excellent method for achieving optimal properties of the surface and the near surface and allows the design of a layer system to meet the increased demands of functional surfaces. In the present review, recent investigations of the plasma diffusion treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous materials are reported. For austenitic steel, Ti alloys, Co base alloys and Cr coating, plasma diffusion treatment has been carried out. In the case of austenitic steel, processes are optimized to achieve improved wear resistance, retaining the excellent corrosion resistance of the steel. While the wear resistance and the friction properties were mainly of interest for stellite 6B, in addition the corrosion resistance has been investigated for Cr coating on steels after plasma diffusion treatment. The Ti alloy TiAl6V4 showing a gradient layer system after plasma nitriding has been duplex treated by adopting PACVD. The microstructure, wear and friction as well as corrosion behaviour have been investigated and the results of biocompatibility testing are presented briefly. _la EN _kw Plasma diffusion treatment _kw Duplex treatment _kw Optical emission spectroscopy _kw Wear resistance _kw Corrosion resistance _pg 425-436 _mf [XML Cit] 95025138 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026355 _ii 0257-8972(95)02635-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02635-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Development and characterization of TiN coatings by ion beam assisted deposition process for improved wear resistance _au Han, J.G. _au Yoon, J.S. _au Choi, B.H. _au Choi, I.S. _ab TiN thin layers have been deposited on mould and die steel STD11 by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) process and the wear behaviour of the TiN-coated steel has been evaluated. The synthesis of the TiN film has been performed by irradiation of nitrogen or Xe ions under various nitrogen partial pressures with in situ Ti evaporation at an accelerating voltage range from 25 to 40 keV below 200 ^oC. TiN coating by Xe irradiation was more effective in enhancing the surface hardness and wear resistance. The formation behaviour and mechanical properties of TiN films synthesized by the IBAD process are discussed with Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and other analysis data. In addition, the performance of TiN coatings on precision moulds and dies in semiconductor manufacturing lines is also discussed. _la EN _kw Ion beam assisted deposition _kw TiN coatings _kw Wear resistance _kw Moulds and dies _kw Xe irradiation _pg 437-449 _mf [XML Cit] 95026355 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026134 _ii 0257-8972(95)02613-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02613-4 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Carbide-reinforced coatings on AISI 316 L stainless steel by laser surface alloying _au Tassin, C. _au Laroudie, F. _au Pons, M. _au Lelait, L. _ab In order to improve the sliding wear resistance of stainless steel components, carbide-hardened surfaces were produced on AISI 316 L austenitic stainless steel by laser surface alloying. Cr"3C"2 or TiC powder was applied to the steel surface and irradiated using a continuous wave, 300 W, Nd-YAG laser. Surface alloys resulting from the incorporation of Cr"3C"2 were found to be composed of austenite and M"7C"3 (M=Fe or Cr). By varying the thickness of the initial Cr"3C"2 coating, alloys with different compositions and microstructures were produced, with related microhardnesses in the range 450-900 Hv. Superficial hardening by titanium carbide was obtained using coarse TiC powder which was incorporated into the melted layer with no, or very little, dissolution: the microhardness of the surface composite was about 450 Hv. For the wear conditions used in this study, a greater improvement in the sliding wear behaviour of the 316 L substrate was achieved with TiC as the hard phase. _la EN _kw Laser surface alloying _kw Stainless steel _kw Hardening _kw TiC _pg 450-455 _mf [XML Cit] 95026134 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025731 _ii 0257-8972(95)02573-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02573-1 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The galling wear resistance of new iron-base hardfacing alloys: a comparison with established cobalt- and nickel-base alloys _au Ocken, H. _ab Iron-base wear-resistant alloys, designated NOREM(TM), were developed to address concerns unique to the nuclear power industry. Laboratory evaluations of the galling wear resistance of candidate NOREM compositions and other iron- and nickel-base alloys were performed using a pin-on-plate specimen geometry, and these results were compared with those obtained from the long-established cobalt-base Stellite(TM) alloys. The hardfacing alloy was typically deposited as powder using gas tungsten arc welding or as wire using automatic gas tungsten are welding. Attempts were made to correlate the results from the galling wear tests to factors such as alloy compositions, microstructure and deposited hardness. The galling wear resistance of NOREM and other iron-base alloys matched or exceeded that of the cobalt-base standard, but the factors responsible for good resistance to galling wear could not be identified. Nickel-base alloys typically showed much higher values of surface damage in these tests. _la EN _kw Wear-resistant alloys _kw Galling wear _pg 456-461 _mf [XML Cit] 95025731 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025022 _ii 0257-8972(95)02502-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02502-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Dry rolling wear of different materials induced by a non-uniform hertzian pressure distribution _au Neubrand, J. _au Weiss, H. _ab This paper reports the tribological correlation between the wear behaviour in dry rolling contact with a non-uniform hertzian pressure distribution and the material properties of SAE52100 steel, silicon nitride ceramic (Si"3N"4) and amorphous metal carbides containing a hydrogenated carbon coating (WC/C). For this examination, a new wear rig was designed as an attachment to a standard Amsler two-roller machine, in which the contact mechanism of any cam/cam follower system can be simulated. The tests were carried out with different contact pairs. The wear behaviour was observed in situ and the mechanisms of damage were examined by optical and electron microscopy as well as laser profiling. Moreover, the changes in different tribological parameters were observed. The results show that the failure mechanism of steel is dominated by adhesion and tribo-oxidation. The ceramic fails typically by microcracking and the failure of WC/C is mostly attributed to mild abrasion followed by adhesion of the substrate steels. Steel vs. steel rollers fail after less than 800 contact cycles, Si"3N"4 vs. steel after 1090 contact cycles, Si"3N"4 vs. Si"3N"4 after 1646 contact cycles, WC/C vs. steel after 145 775 contact cycles and WC/C vs. WC/C after more than 1 million contact cycles. These values are discussed in the light of other microstructural and characterization results. _la EN _kw Wear _kw cam/cam follower _kw Non-uniform hertzian pressure _kw Silicon nitride _kw WC/C coating _pg 462-468 _mf [XML Cit] 95025022 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025707 _ii 0257-8972(95)02570-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02570-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Microwear mechanisms of coatings _au Kato, K. _ab Microwear mechanisms of coatings are studied by focusing attention on mechanical wear. Wear rates and wear modes of chemically vapour-deposited TiN and Al"2O"3 coatings in abrasive sliding are observed experimentally with a scanning electron microscope which has a videotape recording system and a tribosystem. It is shown that the wear rate changes by factors of 3-5 orders of magnitude depending on load and friction cycle. Wear modes of ploughing, powder formation, flake formation and coating delamination are observed and their transitions are related to the change of load and friction cycle. For the prediction of possible wear modes, a new local yield map is proposed by taking into account the stress analysis at the contact region with the finite element method. _la EN _kw Wear _kw Coatings _pg 469-474 _mf [XML Cit] 95025707 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95024980 _ii 0257-8972(95)02498-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02498-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Wear and friction properties of hard PVD coatings _au Bienk, E.J. _au Reitz, H. _au Mikkelsen, N.J. _ab Tribological properties of physically vapour deposited coatings of TiN, TiAlN, TiCN, and CrN deposited on discs made of two different tool steels have been studied using different pin-on-disc test procedures. Seizing and adhesive wear were studied by a step-load test using a steel bali, friction properties by using a flat steel pin under low load, and the wear resistance was studied by using an Al"2O"3 ball, simulating a more abrasive wear situation. In all tests, coating improved the performance of the samples, reducing seizing and wear considerably. TiAlN exhibited the most stable friction and wear mode, which is attributed to a stable aluminium oxide surface layer. The wear tests against Al"2O"3 showed that the Ti-based coatings reduced the severe wear of the uncoated hardened steel by approximately 4 times, while the softer, but more ductile, CrN reduced the wear by a factor of 2. The results have been related to nanoindentation hardness measurements and compared with results from field tests of coated tools. In particular, the test results for TiAlN seem to be in very good accordance with practical results from field tests. Thus, pin-on-disc tests can make up a relevant and convenient test method for evaluation of fundamental tribological properties of physically vapour deposited coatings. However, proper test conditions must be carefully chosen in order to evaluate the relevant applications. _la EN _kw TiAIN _kw TiCN _kw TiN _kw CrN _kw Tribological properties _pg 475-480 _mf [XML Cit] 95024980 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025049 _ii 0257-8972(95)02504-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02504-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of recoating on the mechanical and tribological performance of TiN-coated HSS _au Bromark, M. _au Gahlin, R. _au Hedenqvist, P. _au Hogmark, S. _au Hkansson, G. _au Hansson, G. _ab In the manufacturing industry, there is a pronounced economic interest in the recoating of used tools. The influence of recoating on the mechanical (composite hardness, scratch test response and residual stress) and tribological (intrinsic abrasive wear resistance) properties of TiN-coated high speed steel has been studied for two different deposition techniques. The overall mechanical and tribological performance of recoated specimens was found to be as good as single-coated TiN. For arc-evaporated coatings, the residual stress was found to decrease with increasing number of recoatings, whereas no influence was found for ion-plated coatings. In both cases, the coatings abrasive wear resistance was found to increase with decreasing coating residual stress. _la EN _kw TiN coating _kw High speed steel _kw Mechanical properties _kw Tribological properties _pg 481-486 _mf [XML Cit] 95025049 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95024956 _ii 0257-8972(95)02495-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02495-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Friction and wear of metallic and non-metallic surfaces _au Garzino-Demo, G.A. _au Lama, F.L. _ab We have conducted a detailed study of the friction and wear properties of 329 stainless steel, aluminium and glass samples prepared to different degrees of surface finish (ground, lapped and polished). The dynamic friction coefficient of each sample was monitored using an unlubricated ball-on-disc machine equipped with an automatic data acquisition system in a conditioned environment, and the wear tracks of the samples were compared to determine the nature and entity of the wear. Smoother surfaces were found to present a higher degree of friction and wear than coarser surfaces, under the conditions of the experiment, a fact which may be explained in terms of the dominance of adhesive wear for smooth unlubricated metal surfaces. _la EN _kw Friction _kw Wear _kw Surfaces _pg 487-493 _mf [XML Cit] 95024956 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025111 _ii 0257-8972(95)02511-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02511-1 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Phase characterization in Ni alloy-hard carbide composites for fused coatings _au Grigorescu, I.C. _au Di Rauso, C. _au Drira-Halouani, R. _au Lavelle, B. _au Di Giampaolo, R. _au Lira, J. _ab Ni-based alloys containing low amounts of boron and silicon, reinforced with hard carbides, are extensively used for wear-resistant coatings. A powdered alloy of NiBSi and two of NiCrBSi (with 10.5 and 15 wt.% Cr, respectively) were mixed with VC and WC in proportions of 15 and 50 vol.% and then processed by either thermal spraying or liquid phase sintering. Phase identification was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and energy and wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (EDS and WDS). Materials free of Cr and those containing 10.5% Cr were characterized by the presence of a boron-rich net. At 15% Cr, the distribution of the boron-rich phase was sensibly modified. Further, Cr addition produced finely dispersed carbides with variable contents of V or W. Vanadium diffusion in the matrix, as well as metal interchange between vanadium and chromium carbides is, apparently, enhanced by increasing Cr content. Mass transfer processes in carbide-matrix interface seems to be slower when WC is used as reinforcement. _la EN _kw Ni alloys _kw Carbides _kw Composites _kw Coatings _pg 494-498 _mf [XML Cit] 95025111 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025669 _ii 0257-8972(95)02566-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02566-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Oxidation behavior of titanium-aluminium nitrides _au Joshi, A. _au Hu, H.S. _ab Oxidation behavior of titanium-aluminium nitrides of various compositions has been explored to understand the oxidation protection mechanisms and the role of structure and composition in the oxidation behavior. Thin films of (Ti"1"-"x,Al"x)N have been sputter deposited on silicon substrates and the nature of oxides resulting from air oxidation at various temperatures has been evaluated using Auger electron spectroscopy. In most of the films, layered oxide structures Al"2O"3/TiO"2 readily form on the nitride surface at about 800 ^oC and higher temperatures. At about 700 ^oC and below, the oxidation product is primarily a mixed oxide, such as Al"2O"3 + TiO"2. Oxides forming at elevated temperatures, with a top layer of Al"2O"3, protect the underlying nitride from further oxidation. Thus, for low and intermediate temperature applications, the titanium-aluminium nitride films may be first treated at an elevated temperature to form a protective oxide. The role of aluminum content in the film oxidation behavior has been explored for x values ranging from 0.25 to 0.67. Despite its higher aluminum content, the (Ti"0"."3"3,Al"0"."6"7)N film exhibited lower oxidation resistance than other films. _la EN _kw Nitride _kw Oxidation _kw Protection _kw Auger electron spectroscopy _kw Coating _pg 499-507 _mf [XML Cit] 95025669 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026061 _ii 0257-8972(95)02606-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02606-1 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A study of the corrosion properties of PVD Zn-Ni coatings _au Bowden, C. _au Matthews, A. _ab For some years now manufacturing industries around the world have been prompted to seek alternatives to cadmium because of the hazardous nature of this material. With respect to this the corrosion of Zn-Ni deposits and an assessment of their potential as an alternative to cadmium electroplate has been studied. The Zn-Ni systems under study are Zn-(10%-12%)Ni magnetron-sputtered deposits, a graded Zn-Ni magnetron-sputtered deposit and a commercially electrodeposited Zn-(12%)Ni film. Corrosive performance and behaviour were monitored and compared with cadmium using both electrochemical techniques and more conventional testing. Galvanic suitability and protective properties were assessed, as was time to white rust and time to red rust. It was found that the free corrosion potential of the Zn-Ni deposits rises with tile, resulting in a loss in galvanic sacrificiality. PVD Zn-Ni deposits were found to have the lowest corrosion rate and gave the best barrier protection; sacrificially however they were inferior to both electrodeposited Zn-Ni and cadmium. _la EN _kw Physical vapour deposition _kw Zn-Ni _kw Corrosion _kw Magnetron _kw Sputtering _pg 508-515 _mf [XML Cit] 95026061 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025677 _ii 0257-8972(95)02567-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02567-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu for the gravity probe B relativity mission gyroscopes _au Zhou, P. _au Buchman, S. _au Davis, K. _au Gray, C. _au Turneaure, J.P. _ab Single-component and multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu have been produced by sputtering on fused quartz substrates and have been investigated for suitability as electrodes for the electrostatically suspended gyroscopes of Gravity Probe B. The main requirements for these films are low electron field emission in fields of 3 x 10^7 V m^-^1, low film stress, and good thermal and electrical conductivity in the temperature range 2 K-400 K. The films have been studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and four-point resistivity techniques. SEM measurements indicate that the TiC films have very smooth surfaces and that multilayer films of TiC, Ti and Cu have reduced roughness as compared with the Ti-Cu multilayer films. Seven-layer 2.5 @mm thick Ti-Cu films have been successfully used in the Gravity Probe B gyroscopes, meeting all requirements. Multilayer films of TiC Ti and Cu are at present being tested with the expectation that they will further improve gyroscope performance. _la EN _kw Multilayer films _kw Surface morphology _kw Field emission _kw Film resistivity _kw Electrostatically suspended gyroscopes _pg 516-520 _mf [XML Cit] 95025677 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026037 _ii 0257-8972(95)02603-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02603-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Metals transfer and oxidation of copper-steel surfaces in electrical sliding contact _au Bouchoucha, A. _au Kadiri, E.K. _au Robert, F. _au Zaidi, H. _au Paulmier, D. _ab Metal transfer and oxidation in a copper-steel couple sliding electric contact are studied. In previous papers we have demonstrated the influence of an electric field and a high thermal gradient. These two phenomena influence the adhesive transfer and the oxide growth at the interface that leads to the decrease of contact adhesion and to abrasive wear. The diffusion processes of oxygen in the transferred oxide layer will be summarized and a model proposed. _la EN _kw Copper surface _kw Electrical contact _kw Friction _kw Oxidation _pg 521-527 _mf [XML Cit] 95026037 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026312 _ii 0257-8972(95)02631-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02631-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Comparison of acoustic emission from pointed and spherical indentation of TiN films on silicon and sapphire _au Swain, M.V. _au Wittling, M. _ab Acoustic emission detection during precision force-displacement measurement provides an extra dimension of information on the nature of the deformation during indentation. The acoustic emission (AE) events during indentation of the substrate with and without a TiN film (0.8 @mm thick) generated by pointed (Berkovich) and a spherical indenter of 5 @mm radius are presented. AE measurements of the silicon substrate show that cracking occurs at relatively low loads during loading, but no events were associated with the sluggish reverse phase transformation on unloading but occurred at lower loads. For the TiN-film-coated silicon substrate, significant differences were observed which could be related to the through-thickness cracking of the film and delamination along the film-substrate interface. These observations are compared with the response to indentation of sapphire and a TiN coating on sapphire. _la EN _kw Acoustic emission _kw TiN films _kw Silicon _kw Sapphire _pg 528-533 _mf [XML Cit] 95026312 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025219 _ii 0257-8972(95)02521-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02521-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Mechanical and tribological properties of diamond-like carbon coatings prepared by pulsed laser deposition _au Voevodin, A.A. _au Donley, M.S. _au Zabinski, J.S. _au Bultman, J.E. _ab The tribological properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are investigated. Films are grown onto steel substrates to 0.5 @mm using a 248 nm laser to ablate graphite and polycarbonate targets in high vacuum. Chemical bonding is studied with Raman, XPS and EELS techniques; mechanical and tribological properties are evaluated using microindentation and ball-on-disk friction tests. Coatings grown from graphite targets are amorphous DLC (a-C), while those grown from polycarbonate targets are amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H). The hardness of the a-C coatings is 55-70 GPa and the hardness of the a-C:H coatings is 12-20 GPa depending on the substrate bias. Friction coefficients of the coatings against steel and sapphire balls are determined in several environments: in air as a function of relative humidity, in dry nitrogen, and in 10 Pa vacuum. For a-C coatings, the friction coefficients are typically below 0.1 and are as low as 0.03 in dry nitrogen. In wear tests, a critical contact pressure of 1.4 GPa led to catastrophic adhesive failure of a-C coatings, whereas failure of a-C:H coatings is by wear-through after 5 x 10^3 cycles. Extremely low wear rates of 10^-^9 mm^3 N^-^1 m^-^1 are found for a-C coatings at the contact pressure of 0.8 GPa. _la EN _kw Mechanical properties _kw Tribological properties _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw Coatings _kw Pulsed laser deposition _pg 534-539 _mf [XML Cit] 95025219 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025480 _ii 0257-8972(95)02548-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02548-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Fundamentals of the tribological behaviour of diamond, diamond-like carbon and cubic boron nitride coatings _au Habig, K.H. _ab First the tribologically relevant properties of cubic boron nitride, diamond and diamond-like carbon are discussed: chemical composition, lattice structure, type of bonding, hardness, heat conductivity, temperature stability, etc. Then the results of laboratory friction and wear tests are presented. They reveal that, above all, sliding couples with diamond-like carbon coatings exhibit low friction and wear coefficients, if the metal content of the coating and the counter-body material is optimized. While diamond-like carbon coatings display the best tribological behaviour under vacuum conditions or in chemically inert atmospheres, diamond coatings need adsorbed molecules to produce a low friction coefficient. The friction and wear behaviour of cubic boron nitride cannot be judged in detail, as first the adhesion to the base material has to be improved. With regard to industrial applications, diamond-like carbon seems to be suited for unlubricated sliding couples and tools. Diamond coatings area good choice for tools in contact with non-iron materials. Cubic boron nitride is expected to reduce the wear of tools working at high temperatures. Initial results of sliding tests indicate that it may be applicable for sliding couples used under vacuum and high-temperature conditions. _la EN _kw Cubic boron nitride _kw Tribology _kw Coatings _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw Diamond _pg 540-547 _mf [XML Cit] 95025480 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025995 _ii 0257-8972(95)02599-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02599-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Dependence of tribological properties on deposition parameters for non hydrogenated amorphous carbon films produced by magnetron sputtering _au Mounier, E. _au Juliet, P. _au Quesnel, E. _au Pauleau, Y. _ab Amorphous carbon films have been deposited on various substrates by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in an argon discharge. The composition and physical properties of films (mass density, morphology, electrical resistivity, residual stresses) were investigated as functions of the argon pressure and negative substrate bias voltage. The friction properties of 2 @mm thick carbon films deposited on polished stainless steel substrates at various argon pressures and substrate bias voltages were determined by alumina ball-on-disk tribological tests performed in dry air under a load of 4.9 N with a sliding velocity of 10 m min^-^1 for 10^5 cycles. The tribological behavior and friction performance of carbon coated disks are discussed in connection with the deposition parameters and physical properties of non hydrogenated amorphous carbon films. _la EN _kw Sputtering _kw Carbon _kw Lubrication _kw Tribology _kw Mechanical properties _pg 548-552 _mf [XML Cit] 95025995 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025235 _ii 0257-8972(95)02523-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02523-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Deep-drawing of aluminum sheets without lubricant by use of diamond-like carbon coated dies _au Murakawa, M. _au Koga, N. _au Kumagai, T. _ab In this article we propose the use of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film coated onto the die in order to deep-draw aluminum sheets without lubricant. The use of a DLC coating has, surprisingly, been found to eliminate the need for any lubricant to prevent adhesion of aluminum to the die material during up to about 6200 deep-drawing operations in which square cups, each with a size of 20 x 20 x 12 (depth) mm, were produced. The DLC was coated onto a WC-Co alloy drawing die by means of an ion plating apparatus in which a tri-electrode-type DC arc discharge ion source with a hot filament, an anode and a reflector were used with a precursor of benzene. The work material was 1 mm thick A5000 aluminum sheet. In contrast to the DLC-coated die, an uncoated WC-Co alloy deep-drawing die operated without any lubricant caused fracture of the aluminum sheet after only five repetitions of deep-drawing because of the strong adhesion of the material to the die. This demonstrates the dramatic effects of the DLC coating. _la EN _kw Diamond-like carbon film _kw Dies _kw Aluminium _pg 553-558 _mf [XML Cit] 95025235 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025189 _ii 0257-8972(95)02518-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02518-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Characterization of transfer layers on steel surfaces sliding against diamond-like hydrocarbon films in dry nitrogen _au Erdemir, A. _au Bindal, C. _au Pagan, J. _au Wilbur, P. _ab Carbon-rich transfer layers on sliding contact surfaces play important roles in the tribological performance of diamond-like hydrocarbon (DLHC) films. In this study, we investigated the nature of these layers formed on M50 balls during sliding against DLHC films (1.5 @mm thick) prepared by ion-beam deposition. Long-duration sliding tests were performed with steel balls sliding against the DLHC coatings in dry nitrogen at room temperature, approximately 22 +/- 1 ^oC. Results indicated that the friction coefficients of test pairs were initially about 0.12 but decreased steadily with sliding distance to 0.02-0.03 and remained constant throughout the tests, which lasted for more than 250 000 sliding cycles (approximately 30 km). This low-friction regime appeared to coincide with the formation of a carbon-rich transfer layer on the sliding surfaces of M50 balls. Micro-laser Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy were used to elucidate the structure and chemistry of these transfer layers and to reveal their possible role in the wear and friction behavior of DLHC-coated surfaces. _la EN _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw Friction and wear _kw Transfer layers _kw Raman spectroscopy _pg 559-563 _mf [XML Cit] 95025189 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025146 _ii 0257-8972(95)02514-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02514-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of defects and morphology of diamond-like carbon coatings on their tribological behaviour _au Zaidi, H. _au Le Huu, T. _au Robert, F. _au Bedri, R. _au Kadiri, E.K. _au Paulmier, D. _ab The preparation of hard carbon and diamond-like carbon coatings depends on the ratio of C"2H"2/H"2 concentrations, as described by many authors [1]. A single crystal with good crystalline quality was prepared at low ratio (below 1% C"2H"2). The polycrystalline structure growth at high concentration (from 2 to 5% C"2H"2) generates defects. We have deposited by the CVD method different films at different gas ratios to investigate their tribological behaviour. A variety of techniques were used to characterize the coatings. The surface morphology and grain size were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The structure and amount of diamond in the films were analysed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and ionization electron energy loss spectroscopy. Twinning and stacking faults were the predominant defects observed in all of the polycrystalline samples. The investigation of the tribological behaviour of these films shows that the defects as well as graphitic components are favourable factors in the friction and wear behaviour of coatings. This paper reports the influence of C"2H"2/H"2 concentration on the films morphology and their tribological behaviour. _la EN _kw DLC _kw Morphology _kw Defects _kw Friction _kw Environment _pg 564-571 _mf [XML Cit] 95025146 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 9502610X _ii 0257-8972(95)02610-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02610-X _ty FLA _li EN _ti Tribological behaviour of smooth diamond films _au Pimenov, S.M. _au Smolin, A.A. _au Obraztsova, E.D. _au Konov, V.I. _au Bogli, U. _au Blatter, A. _au Maillat, M. _au Leijala, A. _au Burger, J. _au Hintermann, H.E. _au Loubnin, E.N. _ab The tribological properties of smooth diamond coatings sliding against ruby were studied using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Smooth diamond film surface was prepared by (i) deposition of thin nanocrystalline films in the thickness range from 0.2 to 2 @mm and by (ii) post growth polishing. Excimer laser surface ablation, microwave plasma etching and mechanical lapping with diamond grit were applied for post growth polishing. A correlation of film surface properties examined with atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and stylus profilometry has been established with the tribological performance of the tested diamond films. _la EN _kw Diamond film _kw Tribology _kw Laser polishing _pg 572-578 _mf [XML Cit] 9502610X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026045 _ii 0257-8972(95)02604-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02604-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Application of metal-C:H low-friction layers for bearing materials _au Lunow, T. _au Kocis, R. _au Leonhardt, G. _au Wilberg, R. _ca R. Wilberg. VTD Vakuumtechnik Dresden GmbH, Dresden 01257, Germany _ab Metal-containing carbon films are deposited on to the surfaces in question by means of various plasma-aided deposition procedures. Unlike the metal vapour generation usually used by a sputtering process we produce chromium- or titanium-stabilized carbon films by means of vacuum arc evaporation. A hollow cathode arc plasma is utilized for substrate cleaning and preparation steps. We have directed our attention to low deposition temperatures under warranting the adherence of the film. The adhesion measured by scratch test differs between critical loads of 35-50 N. This behaviour depends very heavily on the technological parameters of pretreatment and the ion cleaning procedure. With a metal content from 10 to 20 at.% the films demonstrate high, plastic hardness up to 15 GPa for a modulus of elasticity of approximately 100 GPa. With static depositions we attained deposition rates of up to 20 @mm h^-^1. By optimizing the process we obtained a friction value of approximately 0.1 for the film-metal pairing and low abrasive wear rates at the uncoated counterpart. _la EN _kw Metal-C:H layers _kw Low friction layers _kw Vacuum arc process _kw Low temperature deposition _pg 579-582 _mf [XML Cit] 95026045 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 9502607X _ii 0257-8972(95)02607-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02607-X _ty FLA _li EN _ti Steel surface modifications in magnetised sliding contact _au Paulmier, D. _au Zaidi, H. _au Bedri, R. _au Kadiri, E.K. _au Pan, L. _au Jiang, Q. _ab Modifications in the mechanical properties of a ferromagnetic steel surface in sliding contact under the influence of a d.c. magnetic field were investigated. A magnetic field was applied to the steel pin, remaining constant during each test. Experiments were conducted at ambient temperature under different applied normal loads, sliding velocities and magnetic field intensities. Experimental results show that at ambient temperature the application of a magnetic field decreases the fluctuations in the friction coefficient and wear rate and increases the microhardness of the sliding surfaces. The dislocation density increases in the thin coating of the magnetised sliding contact interface. A simple model for the agglomeration of dislocation on the sliding contact is proposed. The results were interpreted by observation and analysis of the surface. Optical microscopy shows that when a magnetic field was applied the sliding surface was covered with thin black particles. The magnetic field promoted the oxidation of the surface. _la EN _kw Steel _kw Friction coefficient _kw Wear _kw Magnetic effect _pg 583-588 _mf [XML Cit] 9502607X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026118 _ii 0257-8972(95)02611-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02611-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Treatment of the surface layer of steel with high energy plasma pulses _au Sporer, J. _au Igenbergs, E. _ab At the Lehrstuhl fur Raumfahrttechnik of the Technical University at Munich various types of electrothermal and electromagnetic launchers are used to accelerate projectiles to velocities of 5-15 km s^-^1 to simulate the impact of micrometeoroids on structures of spacecraft. The discharge of stored electrical energy (of the order of kilojoules) across selected materials generates a plasma armature, which accelerates the projectile. Without a projectile a high pressure (of the order of kilobars) plasma pulse (duration, 10-50 @ms; temperature about 10000 K) is accelerated to velocities of the order of 20 km s^-^1. This pulse, to which selected materials (e.g. Cr, C) can be deliberately added, can be directed towards the surface of a target for treatment. Experiments with Cr-Ni steel showed that an extremely hard surface layer of 20-30 @mm thickness was generated. This layer is currently investigated by means of metallography (including scanning electron microscopy), X-ray diffractometry and analytical electron microscopy. Preliminary results indicate that the layer consists of structures with dimensions of the order of several nanometres. Experimental and theoretical results reveal a dependence of the hardness and the dimensions of the structure of the layer on the cooling rate (of the order of 10^6 K s^-^1). X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction suggest that by addition of graphite (or chromium) to the plasma pulse carbide phases may be formed, which together with the nanocrystallinity can explain the observed hardness of the layers. _la EN _kw Surface modification _kw Plasma pulse _kw Surface treatment _kw Rapid solidification _pg 589-594 _mf [XML Cit] 95026118 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025766 _ii 0257-8972(95)02576-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02576-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Corrosion behavior of nitrogen-implanted zircaloy _au Kim, W. _au Jung, K.S. _au Choi, B.H. _au Kwon, H.S. _au Lee, S.J. _au Han, J.G. _au Guseva, M.I. _au Atamanov, M.V. _ab Nitrogen implantation was applied to Zircaloy-4 sheet to improve corrosion resistance at 100 and 120 keV by varying the ion dose of nitrogen from 1 x 10^1^7 to 1 x 10^1^8 ions cm^-^2. The influence of nitrogen dose and substrate temperature on the corrosion resistance of the alloy were examined by measuring potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves in deaerated NaCl solution at 80 ^oC. The corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4 was significantly improved with nitrogen implantation, as confirmed by the distinct increase in the pitting potential from 235 mV (vs. saturated calomel electrode, (SCE)) for the unimplanted alloy to 685 mV(SCE) for the alloy implanted with 10^1^8 ions cm^-^2, and by the gradual decrease in the passive current density with dose. This improvement in corrosion resistance of the implanted alloy is attributed to the formation of ZrN and ZrO"2 during the implantation. Corrosion resistance of nitrogen implanted Zircaloy-4 was found to be very sensitive to the substrate temperature; the maximum resistance to localized corrosion of the implanted alloy was obtained at about 293 ^oC. _la EN _kw Zircaloy-4 _kw Ion implantation _kw Corrosion resistance _pg 595-599 _mf [XML Cit] 95025766 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025227 _ii 0257-8972(95)02522-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02522-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Friction behavior of amorphous-BN-cubic-BN dual-layered film _au Watanabe, S. _au Miyake, S. _au Murakawa, M. _ab In a tribological comparison in which two kinds of BN films, i.e., cubic BN (c-BN) and amorphous BN (a-BN), were chosen as the test films, cubic BN film was found to have excellent tribological properties such as low friction coefficient and good wear resistance in air. Compared with c-BN film, the amorphous BN film was found to have a lower wear resistance, although it showed a lower friction coefficient. Therefore, it is highly desirable to combine these two excellent properties of c-BN and a-BN films, i.e., the good wear resistance of c-BN and the low friction property of a-BN. In order to achieve such a combination of properties, we conceived the idea of fabricating a dual-layered BN film having amorphous-cubic structure. More specifically, a first layer of c-BN is deposited onto a Si substrate by means of ion plating, and then a second layer of a-BN is deposited onto the c-BN layer with a gradient interlayer formed between the two BN layers. The tribological property of this film has been examined using a reciprocating tribometer under a wide load range of 0.1-4.9 N. The result shows that this combined c- and a-BN film has a superior low friction property and good wear resistance. _la EN _kw BN films _kw Tribological properties _kw Friction and wear behaviour _pg 600-603 _mf [XML Cit] 95025227 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025162 _ii 0257-8972(95)02516-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02516-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Tribological behaviour of electrochemically deposited coatings for shaft restoration _au Grigorescu, I.C. _au Gonzalez, Y. _au Rodrigues, O. _au De Vita, Y. _ab Commercial Ni and 80%Ni20%Co coatings were brush-on electrodeposited on SAE 1045 steel substrate and other similar steel samples were hard chromium plated by immersion. In order to compare the tribological behaviour of these coatings, lubricated friction and wear tests were performed by using two devices: Falex LFW-1, operating in the Timken mode, and Optimol-SRV. The load-carrying capacity of the coatings was determined, as well as the variation of the friction coefficient and wear volume with normal load. Surface morphological and chemical analyses were carried out on wear scars and debris by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The wear mechanism was identified by correlating the characteristics of the worn surface and debris with the variation of the friction coefficient. _la EN _kw Electrodeposition _kw Coatings _kw Steel _kw Tribology _pg 604-608 _mf [XML Cit] 95025162 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025170 _ii 0257-8972(95)02517-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02517-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structure, mechanical and tribological properties of d.c. magnetron sputtered TiB"2 and TiB"2(N) thin films _au Deng, H. _au Chen, J. _au Inturi, R.B. _au Barnard, J.A. _ab TiB"2 and TiB"2(N) ceramic compounds may have potential application as protective coatings in the magnetic recording industry, because of their high hardness, wear resistance and chemical stability. In this paper, TiB"2(N) and TiB"2 films were prepared by d.c. magnetron sputtering with and without a nitrogen gas ambient, respectively. The microstructures of these films were examined by X-ray diffractometry and TEM. The mechanical properties of these films were characterized by nano-indentation. Thin film stresses were measured by a wafer curvature technique. The wear volume losses of these films rubbed by a magnetic tape were determined by a sphere-on-flat accelerated wear tester. The results of grazing angle X-ray diffraction and TEM showed that increasing the nitrogen flow rate resulted in a structure change in as-deposited films from (001) textured crystallites to an amorphous microstructure. It was found in nano-indentation and tribological experiments that hardness elastic modulus and wear resistance of these films were significantly improved with an initial incorporation of a small amount of nitrogen. However, further increase of nitrogen resulted in a sharp decrease in these properties in the TiB"2(N) films. The mechanical and tribological properties of the TiB"2 and TiB"2(N) coatings are discussed in terms of the nitrogen content and the film microstructure. _la EN _kw TiB"2 and TiB"2(N) _kw d.c. magnetron sputtering _kw Crystalline structure _kw Mechanical properties _kw Tribology _pg 609-614 _mf [XML Cit] 95025170 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025456 _ii 0257-8972(95)02545-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02545-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of PVD-TiN coatings on mild steel and AISI316 substrates _au Liu, C. _au Leyland, A. _au Lyon, S. _au Matthews, A. _ab The electrochemical and corrosion behavior of PVD-TiN coatings was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 3% NaCl solution. Mild steel (active) and AISI316 stainless steel (passive) substrates were employed. The results indicated that it was possible to follow the corrosion of the active substrate using EIS over a period of 500 h immersion. The AISI316 substrate, however, remained effectively passive for the duration of the experiment. Based on this study, the EIS technique certainly shows promise in assessing the corrosion performance (and the coating quality) of electron-beam plasma-assisted PVD-TiN coatings on active substrates such as mild steel. Its usefulness on passive materials appears more limited, owing to the similarity of the electrochemical impedance response of the coating and substrate. _la EN _kw Electrochemical behavior _kw Corrosion _kw Physical vapour deposition _kw TiN coatings _pg 615-622 _mf [XML Cit] 95025456 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025448 _ii 0257-8972(95)02544-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02544-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti An a.c. impedance study on PVD CrN-coated mild steel with different surface roughnesses _au Liu, C. _au Leyland, A. _au Lyon, S. _au Matthews, A. _ab CrN coatings produced by physical vapour deposition (PVD) technology on mild steel of different surface roughness have been characterized using a.c. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that as the roughness of the substrate decreased, the number of flaws, evidenced by the frequency and size of initial corrosion sites, also decreased. Thus it was concluded that coating porosity controlled the initiation of corrosion on the underlying substrate. In addition, the coating adhesion increased substantially as the substrate roughness decreased. As corrosion was seen to progress via an undermining mechanism with volume expansion and subsequent cracking of the coating, it was concluded that coating adhesion greatly influenced the propagation of corrosion on PVD-coated metals. _la EN _kw Chromium nitride _kw Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy _kw Physical vapour deposition _kw Corrosion behaviour _kw Roughness _pg 623-631 _mf [XML Cit] 95025448 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025529 _ii 0257-8972(95)02552-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02552-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti PLATIT: a new industrial approach to cathodic arc coating technology _au Curtins, H. _ab Cathodic arc technology has, in the past, suffered from a number of severe problems when implemented in industrial production environments, despite its undisputable basic physical advantages for the deposition of functional hard coatings. The disadvantages concern, in particular, the following fields: insufficient control of the arc source (rate, target poisoning, target erosion, arc stability), unsatisfactory process control (temperature control, mixing of tools with different sizes and dimensions), poor film structure (droplet formation, columnar growth), poor reproducibility of main film parameters, still too high cost of operation (maintenance, cleaning, etc.), and lack of complete automated process control. Within the PLATIT concept a new type of arc source has been developed, capable of overcoming most of these limitations. Together with dedicated process control in a new coating system, good results can be obtained under industrial production conditions for a variety of applications. Special emphasis was put on reducing internal film stresses for TiN and TiCN coatings. In this way, films up to 20 @mm thick could be deposited. Thick coatings (approximately 8 @mm) applied on punching and deep-drawing dies show considerable increases in performance never attained so far. A completely automated coating system permits the reproducible deposition of complex film structures and multi-layers in a very economical way. The PLATIT system has proved to satisfy the requirements of high quality combined with high productivity for cutting tools as well as the criteria of compactness and low droplet density for mould injection tool applications. _la EN _kw PVD hard coatings _kw Arc technology _kw Cutting tools _kw Ti based coatings _kw Wear resistant coatings _pg 632-639 _mf [XML Cit] 95025529 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026746 _ii 0257-8972(95)02674-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02674-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Improved hollow cathode magnetron deposition for producing high thermal conductivity graphite-copper composite _au Stoessel, C.H. _au Withers, J.C. _au Pan, C. _au Wallace, D. _au Loutfy, R.O. _ab High thermal conductivity heat sinks for thermal management in electronic packaging is enabling to a variety of advanced electronic applications. State-of-the-art heat sinks have thermal conductivities, K, generally less than 180 W mK^-^1, and frequently have large expansion mismatch with chips such as silicon and gallium arsenide. A unique technology for producing graphite fiberreinforced copper (C"f/Cu) composite has been developed that produces thermal conductivities up to 454 W mK^-^1 utilizing a K= 640 W mK^-^1 fiber reinforcement (with a potential for 800 W mK^-^1 when utilizing a K=1100 W mK^-^1 P130 fiber) and thermal expansion that can be matched to chip materials. The process consists of utilizing a hollow cathode sputtering process to deposit a bonding layer followed by copper on spread graphite fibers, which are then consolidated into composites with architectures to achieve desired thermal conductivity and thermal expansion. The copper thickness determines graphite fiber loading up to 80%. In heat sink applications, where the electrical conductivity of the graphite fiber-reinforced copper composite is a problem, processing has been developed for applying electrically insulating diamond film, which has high thermal conductivity (ca. 1100 W mK^-^1) and acts as a heat spreader. _la EN _kw Magnetron deposition _kw Thermal conductivity _kw Composite _kw Graphite _kw Copper _pg 640-644 _mf [XML Cit] 95026746 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800028 _ii 0257-8972(96)80002-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80002-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Low energy universal cold cathode ion source (LE-UCCIS) _au Garzino-Demo, G.A. _au Lama, F.L. _ab We have designed and manufactured a new prototype low energy ion source, which allows one to perform ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), ionic cleaning, and sputter etching processes, with a single source. This ion source consists of a magnetron sputtering source followed by a lens system to extract and accelerate the ions; the design can be adapted both to small laboratory equipment, and to large area systems. By virtue of the special design of the cathode, the target can be in powder or liquid form. This source has therefore been called the universal cold cathode ion source (UCCIS), and its low energy prototype (LE-UCCIS) has been manufactured and tested; the relevant results are reported in this paper. Moreover a number of simulations according to a special computer code have been carried out to assess the best energy and dose regimes to be applied when etching, when using ionic cleaning and for IBAD. _la EN _kw Magnetron cathode _kw Ion source _kw LE-UCCIS _kw Sputtering _kw IBAD deposition _pg 645-654 _mf [XML Cit] 96800028 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 9680003X _ii 0257-8972(96)80003-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80003-X _ty FLA _li EN _ti Microscale mechanical and tribological characterization of hard amorphous carbon coatings as thin as 5 nm for magnetic disks _au Bhushan, B. _au Koinkar, V.N. _ab For ''near'' contact recording applications, the thickness of the protective hard amorphous carbon overcoat and its surface roughness need to be reduced further to increase the magnetic recording density. Mechanical and tribological characterization of ultrathin diamond-like carbon coatings of 5, 10 and 25 nm thickness, deposited onto supersmooth (rms 0.50 nm) and smooth (rms 0.76 nm) magnetic disks was conducted. Durability tests show that the durability of the head-disk interface increases with an increase in the carbon thickness. Static and kinetic coefficients of friction and the durability of supersmooth disks are inferior to those of the smooth disks. On a microscale (AFM measurements), scratching and wear resistance of the magnetic coating without protective coating are higher and the coefficient of friction is lower than that of the diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated supersmooth disks. Thus, on a microscale, polycrystalline magnetic coatings are superior in tribological performance, however, they are inferior on a macroscale, as compared with DLC coatings. Auger electron spectroscopic studies show the magnetic layer is oxidized (possibly with the formation of cobalt oxide), which is responsible for the good tribological performance on a microscale. Based on tests of the head-disk interface, to achieve acceptable tribological performance, supersmooth disks would require the use of a textured landing zone or the use of a load-unload mechanism in the disk drive. _la EN _kw Tribology _kw DLC _kw Magnetic disks _kw Friction and wear behaviour _kw Lubrication _pg 655-669 _mf [XML Cit] 9680003X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800041 _ii 0257-8972(96)80004-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80004-1 _ty FLA _li EN _ti In situ plasma monitoring of pulsed laser deposition of diamond-like carbon films _au Voevodin, A.A. _au Laube, S.J.P. _ab Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a dynamically unstable process, which can be controlled by in situ diagnostic methods. Recently, an optical spectrometer (OS) was used to monitor the plasma composition and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was introduced to control the deposition rate. In the present studies, the development of PLD in situ control is continued by introducing an ion probe into the plasma and using the OS to measure the kinetic energy of carbon ions in diamond-like carbon (DLC) deposition. An original approach was used to read probe currents with 1024 sampling points during the time of flight of ablated species from the target to the substrate. The method was applied to the deposition of DLC, comparing the ablation of graphite and polycarbonate targets, using a 248 nm KrF wavelength. The correlation of probe currents with QCM and OS data is discussed and compared with results from electron energy loss spectroscopy and microindentation studies. Quantitative dependences between the laser fluence and kinetic energy of carbon species, deposition rate and ion current are found. A possible method for in situ control of DLC film growth with required properties is proposed based on the combination of these studies and existing models of DLC deposition and PLD dynamic control. _la EN _kw Laser ablation _kw Process control _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw Thin film _pg 670-674 _mf [XML Cit] 96800041 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800053 _ii 0257-8972(96)80005-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80005-3 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Diode laser absorption spectroscopy for process control-sensor system design methodology _au Berzins, L.V. _au Anklam, T.M. _au Chambers, F. _au Galanti, S. _au Haynam, C.A. _au Worden, E.F. _ab A laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) system has been developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for process control. LAS has proven itself to be an accurate and reliable method to monitor both density and composition. In this paper the important features and components of an industrial LAS diagnostic are described. Application of this approach to vaporization processes requires careful selection of the species and transitions to be monitored. The relative vapor pressure, hyperfine structure, isotopic frequency shifts, and electronic temperature all effect the selection of a particular transition. In this paper we describe the methodology for choosing the optimal transition or transitions. Coevaporation of a titanium-niobium alloy is used to illustrate the methodology. In a related paper, T.M. Anklam et al., 'Evaporation rate and composition monitoring of electron beam PVD processes' (Surface and Coatings Technology, 76/77 (1995) 681-686), describe the application of this diagnostic to monitoring and controlling composition in a physical vapor deposition process of industrial interest. _la EN _kw Process control _kw Laser absorption spectroscopy _pg 675-680 _mf [XML Cit] 96800053 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800065 _ii 0257-8972(96)80006-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80006-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Evaporation rate and composition monitoring of electron beam physical vapor deposition processes _au Anklam, T.M. _au Berzins, L.V. _au Braun, D.G. _au Haynam, C. _au Meier, T. _au McClelland, M.A. _ca T.M. Anklam. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-460, Livermore, CA 94550, USA _ab Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing sensor and control technology to improve the quality and range of applicability of electron beam physical vapor deposition (PVD). The approach being developed uses tunable lasers to measure the density and composition of the vapor plume. This paper reviews the principles of operation of laser based sensors and discusses data from experiments in which titanium and niobium are co-vaporized. Laser data agreed well with deposited film compositions and spatial variations in deposited film cross-sections. Laser based vapor monitoring appears to have broad applicability and has the potential to extend the use of high rate electron beam PVD. _la EN _kw Vapor _kw Monitoring _kw Composition _kw Laser _kw Spectroscopy _pg 681-686 _mf [XML Cit] 96800065 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800077 _ii 0257-8972(96)80007-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80007-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Optical emission spectroscopy of active species in a TiCN PVD arc discharge _au Baravian, G. _au Sultan, G. _au Damond, E. _au Detour, H. _au Hayaud, C. _au Jacquot, P. _ab In this article, it is shown that a good correlation is obtained between optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements of the plasma light and the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) of the TiCN coating of a steel wafer in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) arc discharge reactor. The reactor works in a N"2-CH"4 mixture, at a total pressure of about 10^-^2 mbar, and the plasma is created from a cathodic titanium arc with an evaporation voltage of 20 V and current intensity of 60 A. The TiCN deposition takes place at 20 cm from the arc discharge. The study performs the measurement of the relative intensities, spatially resolved, of the N"2^+ line at 427.5 nm, the Ti lines at 430.1 nm and 430.5 nm and the CH line at 431.4 nm as a function of the respective concentrations of the methane-nitrogen mixture. The ratio of the intensities of the plasma lines CH and N"2^+ is quasi-linearly related to the ratio of the concentrations C and N measured by ESCA on the coating. On the basis of the results obtained we are developing OES as non-intrusive and in situ diagnostic of the plasma reactive species for controlling the TiCN deposition process in an industrial reactor. _la EN _kw Optical emission spectroscopy _kw TiCN _kw PVD _pg 687-693 _mf [XML Cit] 96800077 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800089 _ii 0257-8972(96)80008-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80008-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The influence of process gas characteristics on the properties of plasma nitrided steel _au Fancey, K.S. _au Leyland, A. _au Egerton, D. _au Torres, D. _au Matthews, A. _ab This study attempts to elucidate some of the effects of adding argon, neon and hydrogen to low pressure thermionically supported discharges used for plasma nitriding AISI M2 steel substrates. Four runs were performed at the same substrate temperature (550 ^oC) and bias voltage (500 V), using the following gas mixtures: 8% N"2 in Ar, 8% N"2 in Ne, N"2 + H"2 in equal proportions, and N"2 only. By careful control of the discharge parameters, most of the bombardment energy was transported to the substrates by 500 eV ions in all cases; these were mainly Ar^+ ions in the N"2 + Ar run and N"2^+ ions in the other runs, notably by the action of Penning ionization in the N"2 + Ne run. We found that the surface hardness was not significantly influenced by the type of ion delivering the bombardment energy, although we suggest that ions would need sufficient mass to cause (for example) sputtering, if the substrate is susceptible to contamination during nitriding. Furthermore, the results showed that there was a strong dependence on the availability of nitrogen thermal neutral molecules during processing; we suggest that there may be a critical value of nitrogen gas density or range of values for effective plasma nitriding, so that a process may be inadequately supplied (resulting in reduced case hardness) or over-supplied (increasing the significance of white layer formation). _la EN _kw Nitriding _kw Plasmas _kw Steel _kw Penning _kw Ionisation _pg 694-699 _mf [XML Cit] 96800089 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800090 _ii 0257-8972(96)80009-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80009-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Deposition of arc TiAlN coatings with pulsed bias _au Lugscheider, E. _au Knotek, O. _au Loffler, F. _au Barimani, C. _au Guerreiro, S. _au Zimmermann, H. _ab It is a well-known fact that the aluminium content of TiAlN coatings deposited with the arc physical vapour deposition (PVD) process depends mainly on substrate potential and source-to-substrate distance. To achieve good results in cutting operations with TiAlN-coated tools with a low aluminium content in the film, it is necessary to deposit TiAlN with a relatively high bias voltage which raises the substrate temperature to a level which can cause some damage to the structure of even high speed steel substrates. For high performance cutting operations with TiAlN thin films a high and homogeneous aluminium content in the films, especially on cutting edges, is necessary. Higher aluminium content in arc PVD thin films is achieved with lower bias voltage during deposition which in turn lowers the deposition temperature and consequently enables heat-sensitive substrates to be coated; however, for good adhesion of the deposited films a high bias voltage is required. The application of a pulse bias generator instead of a d.c. bias offers the possibility to decrease the deposition temperature and to obtain more aluminium in the coating. In this paper we compare coating properties of TiAlN deposited with d.c. and pulsed bias source. With pulsed bias it is possible to achieve higher aluminium content in the coating, especially on cutting edges. Analysis of increase in aluminium on cutting edges was carried out by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. _la EN _kw Deposition _kw Arc _kw PVD _kw TiAlN coatings _kw Pulsed bias voltage _pg 700-705 _mf [XML Cit] 96800090 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800107 _ii 0257-8972(96)80010-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80010-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The efficiency of uncoated and coated tool systems in the machining of low carbon steel assessed through cutting force measurements _au Audy, J. _au Strafford, K.N. _au Subramanian, C. _ab Experiments have been conducted on uncoated and coated carbide and ceramic lathe tool inserts of differing geometries at various speeds and feed rates. Each insert was tested for 20 s during which the cutting forces were measured with a Kistler three-component piezoelectric dynamometer and evaluated using a computer-based system. The experiments were carried out so that all variations in the tool forces were affected only by the mechanical properties of the tools. The effects of systematically varying coatings and tool geometries on cutting forces were analysed at specified time intervals. It has been established that the geometry of cutting inserts has a significant effect on the cutting force components. Uncoated carbide inserts produced forces about 15% higher than ceramic inserts, while 10% variations in cutting force component values were obtained from coated carbide inserts and ceramic inserts with different geometries. It was also found that in unstable cutting conditions ceramic inserts were associated with higher variation in force component values than carbide inserts. The prospects for the use of these kinds of data for adaptive control and tool design in quality manufacturing are discussed. _la EN _kw Efficiency _kw Tool systems _kw Cutting force measurements _kw Adaptive control _kw Cutting process _pg 706-711 _mf [XML Cit] 96800107 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 96800119 _ii 0257-8972(96)80011-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(96)80011-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Today's applications and future developments of coatings for drills and rotating cutting tools _au Cselle, T. _au Barimani, A. _ab According to the sold value, 40% of all cutting tools are coated in industry today. This paper summarizes the most important application field of conventional and new coatings for cutting tools. There are two opposing development trends in the cutting industry today: (1) in dry machining the user wants to work without coolant to save the environment and production costs; (2) in high speed machining (HSC) the cutting parameters can be increased by a factor of 4-10. Aside from increasing productivity, multi-spindle heads can be replaced by one spindle, increasing the flexibility enormously. With both technologies much greater heat is produced than under normal cutting conditions. The cutting materials must have a high warm hardness and cannot work without a good heat isolation coating between the hot chips and the tool body. This paper gives an overview of the latest industrial applications of different coatings for dry and HSC cutting and characterizes the most important requirements of future coatings for cutting tools. _la EN _kw High speed machining _kw Dry cutting _kw Hard coatings _kw Lubrication coating _kw Cutting tools _pg 712-718 _mf [XML Cit] 96800119 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95024999 _ii 0257-8972(95)02499-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02499-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Vacuum arc coatings for tools: potential and application _au Vetter, J. _ab Cathodic vacuum arc evaporation is widely used to deposit hard wear-resistant coatings onto tools and machine parts. This paper reviews the potential for deposition of different hard coatings, e.g. MeN, (Me"1, Me"2)N, Me(N,C) in monolayer and multilayer forms as well as in the form of combination coatings. Specific properties of selected coatings are discussed in view of their applications for tools. _la EN _kw Cathodic vacuum arc _kw Coating architecture _kw Grain diameter _kw Coating selection _kw Combination coatings _pg 719-724 _mf [XML Cit] 95024999 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 9502493X _ii 0257-8972(95)02493-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02493-X _ty FLA _li EN _ti Large-area pretreatment for physical vapor deposition _au Schiller, S. _au Goedicke, K. _au Milde, F. _au Hotzsch, G. _ab Illustrated by the coating of strip steel and plate glass, we discuss the possibilities of matching the vacuum pretreatment to the high coating rates of large-area physical vapor deposition. The restricted applicability of conventional plasma pretreatment methods has led to the concept of interfacial (IFL) processing. This is meant to be a method by which remaining contamination layers and adsorbates on the substrate surface are converted into a useful (often plasma activated) intermediate layer. _la EN _kw Pretreatment _kw Interfacial layer _kw Strip steel _kw Glass coating _kw Large area _pg 725-730 _mf [XML Cit] 9502493X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025030 _ii 0257-8972(95)02503-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02503-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Hydrogen plasma chemical cleaning of metallic substrates and silicon wafers _au Korner, N. _au Beck, E. _au Dommann, A. _au Onda, N. _au Ramm, J. _ab The plasma chemical cleaning process based on an argon-hydrogen discharge differs from conventional plasma cleaning methods. Chemical reactions are used for the removal of surface contamination and the sputtering of material is avoided. Therefore no problems due to the redeposition of the sputtered material occur. The process chemistry is confirmed by in situ measurements of the plasma during the cleaning procedure using a plasma monitor. The process was investigated for bare copper lead frames and for silicon wafers. Volatile hydrogen compounds were formed during cleaning. An Auger spectrometer was attached to the cleaning chamber to investigate the substrate surfaces after each cleaning step. It was shown that the carbon and oxygen contamination at the substrate surface could be reduced below 0.5 at.% (noise limit of the measurement). The results clearly show that this simple and environmentally friendly process is an effective method for reducing organic and some inorganic contamination. _la EN _kw Hydrogen _kw Cleaning _kw Plasma _kw Damage-free _kw Silicon _pg 731-737 _mf [XML Cit] 95025030 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025057 _ii 0257-8972(95)02505-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02505-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Oil removal from metals by linear multi-orifice hollow cathode _au Belkind, A. _au Li, H. _au Clow, H. _au Jansen, F. _ab A linear multi-orifice hollow cathode oxygen plasma source has been developed for oil removal from moving metal surfaces. The source is a linear set of plasma jets created at each orifice by a magnetically enhanced and directed d.c. hollow cathode discharge. Vacuum and electrical characteristics of the source are presented and discussed. Substantial reduction of carbon-containing contamination on a metal surface after exposure to the oxygen plasma is demonstrated by using in situ XPS. The surface cleanliness of a metal sheet is evaluated by the contact angle with water. This angle is desired to be 10^o or less. The contact angle dependence on plasma dose density is described for plasma atmospheres of O"2 and O"2 + CF"4 and two different aluminium foil thicknesses. _la EN _kw Plasma _kw Cleaning _kw Metal(s) _kw Hollow cathode _pg 738-743 _mf [XML Cit] 95025057 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026126 _ii 0257-8972(95)02612-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02612-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Wide web coating of complex materials _au Lievens, H. _ab For over 25 years, the thermal evaporation of aluminium onto thin polymeric webs, such as polyester (PET) and polypropylene (PP), has generated large volumes of barrier packaging films, decorative films, capacitor films and some window films. During the 1980s, the experience of wide web handling was combined with deposition technologies, such as electron-beam evaporation, magnetron sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), to create a large number of new, exciting, coating materials, including oxides and nitrides of most elements. More particularly, combinations of these coating layers into a complex coating stack led to new products, such as low emissivity, solar heat reflecting, architectural glazing films, electrochromic devices and high performance optical reflectors. With these technologies, unique coating characteristics can be realized, e.g. transparent electrodes, transparent, flexible glassy barriers for moisture and gases and amorphous soft magnetics for security devices. Having their beginnings in exclusive markets, these new, exciting products are now finding their way into larger consumer markets. _la EN _kw Sputtering _kw Web coating _kw Evaporation _kw Vacuum _pg 744-753 _mf [XML Cit] 95026126 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95025499 _ii 0257-8972(95)02549-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02549-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of plasma activation on the phase transformations of aluminum oxide _au Zywitzki, O. _au Hoetzsch, G. _ab The deposition of protective, anticorrosive and wear resistant layers onto large-area metal substrates by physical vapor deposition techniques is gaining increasingly in industrial significance. This contribution deals with the deposition of aluminum oxide onto stainless steel. The aluminum oxide was deposited by reactive high-rate electron beam evaporation. Plasma activation of the vapor took place via a hollow-cathode plasma. The substrates were coated at a temperature of 500 and 700 ^oC and subsequently post-annealed in vacuo at 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 ^oC. At a substrate temperature of 500 ^oC with and without plasma activation, Al"2O"3 is deposited with different densities and amorphous to X-rays. At 700 ^oC without plasma activation, however, @c-Al"2O"3 is found in an amorphous matrix whereas plasma activation results in @a-Al"2O"3 in an amorphous matrix. The effects of plasma activation and post-annealing temperature on the sequence of Al"2O"3 phase transformations were investigated. The hardness of the layers increases noticeably with plasma activation and post-annealing temperature. In addition, layers deposited under plasma activation exhibit better thermal stability with respect to volume contraction. Phase identification was done using X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy with selected area diffraction. The morphology of the layers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the hardness was measured by nanoindentation. _la EN _kw Alumina coatings _kw Plasma activation _kw Electron beam evaporation _kw Structure _kw Hardness _pg 754-762 _mf [XML Cit] 95025499 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026258 _ii 0257-8972(95)02625-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02625-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The magnetron-activated deposition process _au Reschke, J. _au Goedicke, K. _au Schiller, S. _ab Plasma-activated physical vapor deposition techniques result in layers with substantially improved properties. In particular in the manufacture of compound layers through reactive deposition a plasma-activated regime cannot be dispensed with. However, as far as high rate large-area coating is concerned, suitable plasma sources are not yet available. A new technique, i.e. the magnetron-activated deposition process which uses the plasma of pulsed discharges of magnetron type to activate the reactive deposition, is presented. The discharges occur in an argon-reactive gas mixture but may also take place directly in the metal vapor without argon. Bipolar pulsed magnetron electrodes further permit the deposition of electrically highly insulating compound layers. The first experiences gained with a roll coater for the production of alumina layers are described. _la EN _kw Plasma-activated physical vapor deposition _kw Reactive deposition _kw Bipolar pulsed discharges _kw Alumina layer _kw Large-area coating _pg 763-769 _mf [XML Cit] 95026258 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026096 _ii 0257-8972(95)02609-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02609-6 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Multipolar magnetic field structures for the scaling-up of high density plasmas excited in the d.c. to microwave frequency range and applicable to sputtering and chemical processing _au Pelletier, J. _au Lagarde, T. _au Arnal, Y. _au Burke, R. _au Cocagne, J. _ab Multipolar magnetic fields, used for the production of large areas of low pressure, high density plasmas at electron cyclotron resonance, can also be employed favourably to scale-up plasma sources at any given excitation frequency. Since fast electrons responsible for plasma excitation undergo a drift motion perpendicular to the static magnetic field of a multipolar structure, plasma production along such a structure will be uniform when the amplitude of the electric field, which accelerates the electrons, is constant along the structure and the loss of energetic electrons at the extremities of the magnets is avoided by closing the magnetic structures onto themselves according to magnetron-like configurations. The limitations to the scaling-up of sources are derived in terms of the wave propagation, wavelength, source dimensions and mean free path of the fast electrons. Other requirements in the process scale-up concern the uniform distribution of process parameters, such as gas feeding, pumping, substrate biasing and substrate heating. The use of three-dimensional magnetron structures satisfies the explicit requirements, in particular the distribution of gas supply and pumping through the excitation structure. Two examples of novel reactor configuration, designed for chemical processing and sputtering, illustrate the new concepts developed in this work. _la EN _kw Plasma sources _kw Plasma processing _kw Multipolar magnetic field _kw Electron cyclotron resonance _kw Magnetron structure _pg 770-775 _mf [XML Cit] 95026096 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026002 _ii 0257-8972(95)02600-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02600-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Progress in large-area glass coatings by high-rate sputtering _au Beister, G. _au Dietrich, E. _au Schaefer, C. _au Scherer, M. _au Szczyrbowski, J. _ab This article reports on the progress of large-area glass coating under vacuum by high-rate cathode sputtering triggered by the introduction of Germany's new energy conservation regulation for buildings. The main content of the new regulation and its requirements on low-emissivity (low-e) coated insulated glazing are briefly reviewed. Different low-e coatings are compared and new developments in sputtered low-e coatings are discussed. In addition, the impact on coating systems design and recent advances in reliable and arc-free deposition of dielectric films are reviewed. _la EN _kw Vacuum coating _kw Cathode sputtering _kw Low-emissivity coatings _pg 776-785 _mf [XML Cit] 95026002 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95027297 _ii 0257-8972(95)02729-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02729-7 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Application of diamond-like carbon films for anti-abrasion and low friction properties of VCR head drums _au Lee, K.R. _au Eun, K.Y. _au Kim, K.M. _au Choi, K.C. _ca Kwang-Ryeol Lee. Division of Ceramics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-161, South Korea _ab Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on video cassette recorder (VCR) head drums to improve the tribological properties between the head drum and VCR tape. The DLC films of 1 +/- 0.1 @mm thick were deposited by high frequency plasma enhanced CVD method using pure methane. The performances of the DLC coated head drums were tested for 1000 h in VHS type VCR using a scheduled operation mode variation and under ambient condition. It was observed that the DLC coatings on VCR head drums prevent surface damages caused by the VCR tape. The wear rate of VCR heads was also reduced by factor of about 50%. This behavior is discussed in terms of the effect of DLC coatings in protecting the magnetic layer of VCR tape. Depending on the deposition condition, the surface contamination behavior by Fe oxide particles of VCR tape is significantly changed. _la EN _kw Carbon _kw Diamond _kw Plasma processing and deposition _kw Tribology _pg 786-790 _mf [XML Cit] 95027297 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026339 _ii 0257-8972(95)02633-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02633-9 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Diamond film synthesis in low pressure premixed flames of different fuel types _au Kim, J.S. _au Cappelli, M.A. _ab Various aspects of diamond film growth in low pressure flames are presented. Experiments are performed in a low pressure flat flame facility and diamond films are deposited on molybdenum substrates over areas of at least 2 cm^2 or 5.5 cm^2. Pure acetylene-oxygen (C"2H"2-O"2), ethylene-oxygen (C"2H"4-O"2), and methane-oxygen (CH"4-O"2) premixed flames are studied and compared for their use in depositing high quality diamond films. It is found that uniformity and quality are very sensitive to substrate temperatures T"s and flame equivalence ratios @f and vary between flames of different fuel types. The growth behavior in response to changes in fuel types is interpreted in terms of burning velocities, which determines the residence times of intermediate species in the post-flame region and strongly influences the flux of reactants to the substrate surface. These results can be used to project alternative, perhaps more cost-effective flame synthesis strategies to deposit diamond coatings. _la EN _kw Diamond synthesis _kw Low pressure combustion _kw Premixed flames _kw Flame speed _kw Fuel type _pg 791-796 _mf [XML Cit] 95026339 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026665 _ii 0257-8972(95)02666-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02666-5 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Hot filament scaling-up for CVD diamond burr manufacturing _au Trava-Airoldi, V.J. _au Corat, E.J. _au Del Bosco, E. _au Leite, N.F. _ab We present the scale-up of a hot filament system for manufacturing CVD diamond burr. In our system, the diamond film growth rate reached around 15 @mm h^-^1 on 1 mm diameter molybdenum rods. The burrs were made of 250 @mm thick free-standing diamond film. We optimized the gas consumption, power supply, gas flow rate and the number of hot filament reactors for the industrialization of dentist burr. We also discuss the production capabilities of each reactor. Scale-up and price prospective together with exhaustive testing show that CVD diamond burr may have a favorable cost-effectiveness. _la EN _kw CVD-diamond _kw Dentist burr _kw Hot filament _kw Scaling-up _kw Grain size _pg 797-802 _mf [XML Cit] 95026665 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026304 _ii 0257-8972(95)02630-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02630-4 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Substrate and barrier layer considerations in the growth and properties of diamond and diamond-like carbon _au Ogale, S.B. _au Karve, P. _au Kulkarni, A.A. _au Sharma, R.P. _au Pal, J.P. _au Kanetkar, S.M. _ab Realisation of good quality diamond and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on different substrates is of considerable importance in the context of their wide variety of applications. The results of our study of the dependence of the film quality on substrate surfaces and barrier layers are reported. The mechanism of CVD diamond deposition on Si(100) with barrier layers of epitaxial Y-ZrO"2 and C-N films is discussed. The film growth on transition metal surfaces in the context of the surface chemistry is also reported. Good quality (high wear resistance and high optical transmittance) DLC coating has been achieved on float glass. The effect of the initial DLC layer on further film growth is discussed. _la EN _kw Diamond _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw Thin film growth _kw Substrate chemistry _kw Barrier layers _pg 803-808 _mf [XML Cit] 95026304 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026088 _ii 0257-8972(95)02608-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02608-8 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Hard coatings on magnesium alloys by sputter deposition using a pulsed d.c. bias voltage _au Reiners, G. _au Griepentrog, M. _ab An increasing use of magnesium-based light-metal alloys for various industrial applications was predicted in different technological studies. Companies in different branches have developed machine parts made of magnesium alloys (e.g. cars, car engines, sewing and knitting machines). Hence, this work was started to evaluate the ability of hard coatings obtained by physical vapour deposition (PVD) in combination with coatings obtained by electrochemical deposition to protect magnesium alloys against wear and corrosion. TiN hard coatings were deposited onto magnesium alloys by unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition. A bipolar pulsed d.c. bias voltage was used to limit substrate temperatures to 180 ^oC during deposition without considerable loss of microhardness and adhesion. Adhesion, hardness and load-carrying capacity of TiN coatings deposited directly onto magnesium alloys are compared with the corresponding values of TiN coatings deposited onto substrates which had been coated electroless with an Ni-P alloy interlayer prior to the PVD. _la EN _kw Magnesium alloys _kw Hard coatings _kw TiN _kw Bipolare pulsed D.C. bias voltage _kw Electroless Ni-P _pg 809-814 _mf [XML Cit] 95026088 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026282 _ii 0257-8972(95)02628-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02628-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Low-temperature deposition of titanium nitride _au Perry, A.J. _au Treglio, J.R. _au Tian, A.F. _ab A new technique for depositing hard, dense, well-adhering TiN with excellent adhesion is described. Taking advantage of the high degree of ionization of the material emitted from a cathodic arc source, a short, very high voltage pulse (the order of 5-20 kV for 1-3 @ms at a frequency of some 1-2 kHz) is applied to the substrate in addition to the usual d.c. bias during reactive deposition. The high bias accelerates the ions located within the sheath during the short pulse and their momentum modifies the properties of the coatings as indicated above. The technology, termed Hyper-Ion, is readily retrofitted to existing physical vapor deposition systems equipped with cathodic arc sources. The present work presents results on titanium nitride deposited onto temperature-sensitive materials including low alloy steel, and aluminum 6061-T6 at a substrate temperature of 150 ^oC. The coating has a type-T microstructure and the substrates do not lose mechanical strength. _la EN _kw Low temperature deposition _kw Titanium nitride _kw Hyper-ion _kw Cathodic arc _kw Short high voltage pulse _pg 815-820 _mf [XML Cit] 95026282 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026010 _ii 0257-8972(95)02601-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02601-0 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Inorganic coatings on polymers _au Benmalek, M. _au Dunlop, H.M. _ab There has been a growing interest over the last few years in the development of industrial transparent barrier coatings. The vacuum-deposited materials are based on silicon (SiO"@g) and aluminium (Al"yO"z) oxide compounds. Significant improvements are observed in the barrier properties of coated plastic films. In this paper we review the deposition techniques and focus on the influence of surface preparation before deposition. Plasma activation of the polymer surfaces increases the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. New results obtained by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy complement our published X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data and confirm the importance of the formation of chemical bonds at the coating-polymer interface. _la EN _kw Inorganic coatings _kw Polymer substrates _kw Gas barrier _kw Plasma treatment _kw Adhesion _pg 821-826 _mf [XML Cit] 95026010 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95024972 _ii 0257-8972(95)02497-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02497-2 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Protective coatings for LEO environments in spacecraft applications _au Kleiman, J.I. _au Iskanderova, Z.A. _au Perez, F.J. _au Tennyson, R.C. _ab Spacecraft operating in the low Earth orbit (LEO) are exposed to an environment characterized by very low pressure, various atomic species, temperature extremes, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electromagnetic radiation and atomic oxygen (AO), which is produced by the dissociation of molecular oxygen by UV radiation. The destructive influence of AO on polymer-based materials and composites and the synergistic effects between AO and other environmental factors have been dramatically demonstrated in LEO flights and ground-based simulators. This paper investigates the effects of contamination, structure and the synergism between temperature and AO fluence on polymer-based materials, and provides an overview of the recent developments in the design and use of protective coatings for polymer and composite materials in the LEO environment and their testing in ground-based space environment simulators. Three trends in protective coatings research are identified and discussed: (a) the improvement of technologies for high-performance oxide-based coatings; (b) self-healing coatings based on special semi-organic polymers; (c) protective multilayered structures. An evaluation is made of the properties and behaviour of different protective coatings on the polymers and composite materials used in spacecraft applications. _la EN _kw Low Earth orbit environment _kw Protective coatings _kw Atomic oxygen _kw Spacecraft protection _kw Surface modification _pg 827-834 _mf [XML Cit] 95024972 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 007600P2 95026274 _ii 0257-8972(95)02627-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02627-4 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Application of fracture mechanics to the adhesion of metal coatings on CFRP _au Menningen, M. _au Weiss, H. _ab Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) have to be plated with wear resistant metal coatings for many applications. The mechanisms of adhesion between the CFRP and metal phases are primarily mechanical interlocking and van der Waals bonding. The adhesive failure of the metal coatings is greatly influenced by the condition of the original CFRP surface. Therefore, a mechanical roughening process, which produces interlocking surface sites, and in addition the change of the chemical nature of the CFRP surface by various processes, has to be applied in order to promote adhesion of the plating. In this case, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved, and to develop testing methods to measure the adhesive strength. Instead of pull-off tests, a fracture mechanics test is a more promising approach, as it directly determines the ability of the CFRP-metal interface to resist the growth of a crack. To carry out this test procedure, a modified CT specimen according to ASTM Standard was used. The crack length was controlled by a prior preparation of one side of the CFRP specimen, so that the metal adhesion was weakened there, causing this part of the interface to serve as a crack. This adhesion test method has been tried on Cu and Ni plated CFRP specimens and resulted in maximum critical free energy release rate values G"c of 10-30 N m^-^1. The testing method described here is also applicable to adhesion measurements of other coated polymers. _la EN _kw Adhesion _kw Fracture mechanics _kw Carbon fibre reinforced polymers _kw Coatings _kw Interface _pg 835-840 _mf [XML Cit] 95026274 _t2 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 _vl 202 _is 9 _pr 1581-1910 _dt 20080201 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07006846 _ii S0257-8972(07)00684-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.040 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Copper patterned polystyrene panels by reducing of surface bound Cu (II)-sulfonyl hydrazide complex _au Bicak, N. _au Karagoz, B. _ca Niyazi Bicak. Istanbul Technical University, Dept. of Chemistry, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey _ab A modified electroless metal deposition method has been developed for copper plating of polystyrene (PS) surfaces. The modified procedure avoids the plasma conditioning and surface activation steps in the classical electroless metal plating process. First step of the present procedure is chlorosulfonation of PS surface by soaking into chlorosulfonic acid, yielding chlorosulfonated surface with density of 0.046-0.110 mmolcm^-^2 depending on contact time (10-60 min). In the second step chlorosulfone groups on the surface are converted to sulfonyl hydrazides almost quantitatively by reaction with hydrazine solution (80%). Green Cu (II)-sulfonylhydrazide complex is formed at the surface, in the third step, by interaction with ammoniacle Cu (II) solution at room temperature. The copper in the complex is reduced rapidly in the fourth step, by immersing the specimen into 5% of hydrazine solution. The elemental copper deposited onto the surface serves activating sites to accumulate more (5-7 mg per cm^2) elemental copper from electroless copper solutions in the final step. The present method avoids the surface activation with palladium and allows preparing copper patterns with reasonably high pull-off strengths (3.77 Nmm^-^2) on PS panels. In the study the copper deposition has been investigated using standard analytical procedures, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy. _la EN _kw Electroless copper plating _kw Chlorosulfonation _kw Polystyrene; Sulfonylhydrazide _kw Copper deposition _pg 1581-1587 _mf [XML Cit] 07006846 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007165 _ii S0257-8972(07)00716-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Laser cladding of SiC/Si composite coating on Si-SiC ceramic substrates _au Lusquinos, F. _au Pou, J. _au Quintero, F. _au Perez-Amor, M. _ca J. Pou. Dpto. Fisica Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, ETSI Industriales Lagoas-Marcosende 9, 36310 Vigo, Spain _ab Pieces of silicon infiltrated silicon carbide (Si-SiC) were coated with a SiC particles reinforced Si matrix composite (SiC/Si) obtained from mixtures of SiC+SiO"2 and SiC+Si by laser cladding. A Nd:YAG pulsed laser delivering an average power of 920 W was used to apply such coatings using the powder blowing technique. The results demonstrate that the use of the SiC+SiO"2 powder mixture produces a severe damage on the base material, whereas the use of the SiC+Si mixture leads to the formation of sound coatings without substrate damage. XRD and nanoindentation measurements corroborate the production of silicon carbides surrounded by a metallic silicon matrix. This method could be used for repairing surface defects of silicon infiltrated silicon carbide ceramics (Si-SiC). _la EN _kw Laser cladding _kw Silicon carbide _kw SiC/Si composite coating _kw Ceramics _pg 1588-1593 _mf [XML Cit] 07007165 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007268 _ii S0257-8972(07)00726-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.015 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Numerical modelling of the solar cladding process _au Bautista, C.S. _au Rodriguez, G.P. _au Ferriere, A. _ca C. Sanchez Bautista. Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain _ab The ability of Concentrated Solar Energy for modifying surface properties of steels has been studied during the last two decades, and its main advantages and disadvantages have been stated. However, additional investigations involving the modelling of these processes must be considered, with the scope of developing any practical or industrial application. This work deals with the thermal modelling of the solar cladding process of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel over AISI 1026 low carbon steel by means of the Finite Element Method, considering temperature dependence of thermophysical properties, latent heat, convection and radiation losses, etc. A trial-error procedure permits to fit simulations to experimental results, and validation of the numerical results is performed taking into account experimental temperature measurements and microstructure evaluation. Although some limitations are observed, the model represents in a precise manner the real temperatures in the process, providing the basis for a subsequent optimization of the process. _la EN _kw Numerical modelling _kw Concentrated solar energy _kw Cladding _kw Stainless steel _kw Finite Element Method _pg 1594-1605 _mf [XML Cit] 07007268 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007499 _ii S0257-8972(07)00749-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.016 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Silicon nitride and oxynitride films deposited from organosilicon plasmas: ToF-SIMS characterization with multivariate analysis _au Piras, F.M. _au Di Mundo, R. _au Fracassi, F. _au Magnani, A. _ca Agnese Magnani. Department of Chemical and Biosystems Science and Technology and University Centre of Colle di Val d'Elsa, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy _ab In this work bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane (BDMADMS) has been utilized as precursor for plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of silicon nitride-like and silicon oxynitride-like thin films. The effect of input power and O"2/BDMADMS ratio on the film surface chemistry has been investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA). Changes in surface composition have been correlated to infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results show that the PCs profile obtained by increasing input power during the deposition is correlated to the transition from an organic to an inorganic silicon nitride-like coating while at high input power, if the oxygen concentration in the feed is increased, the following transition occurs: inorganic silicon nitride-like->oxynitride-like->oxide-like. _la EN _kw Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) _kw Silicon nitride and oxynitride _kw Bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane _kw Surface chemistry _kw ToF-SIMS _kw Multivariate analysis _pg 1606-1614 _mf [XML Cit] 07007499 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007517 _ii S0257-8972(07)00751-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.019 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of rare earth (Ce, La) compounds in the electroless bath on the plating rate, bath stability and microstructure of the nickel-phosphorus deposits _au Ashassi-Sorkhabi, H. _au Moradi-Haghighi, M. _au Hosseini, M.G. _ca H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi. Electrochemistry Researches Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran _ab Effects of added rare earth elements (RE) in the acidic hypophosphite plating bath on the plating rate, bath stability and microstructure of the electroless nickel-phosphorus (EN) deposits were studied. The surface appearance and microstructure were examined under a reflection optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an in-situ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which can evaluate the elemental analysis of deposits. It was demonstrated that the rare earth elements can decrease grain size and refine microstructure. The deposition rate of the Ni-P deposits was estimated by gravimetric, polarization and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) methods. Results revealed that up to an optimum concentration of rare earth elements, the deposition rate increases. The stability test method was used to determine the stabilization effect of RE on the stability of the bath. It was found that the addition of RE significantly improved the Pd stability of the EN bath. _la EN _kw Electroless nickel plating _kw Rare earth elements _kw Deposition rate _kw Bath stability _kw Quartz crystal microbalance _pg 1615-1620 _mf [XML Cit] 07007517 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007505 _ii S0257-8972(07)00750-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.018 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Mechanical properties of La"2O"3 doped diamond-like carbon films _au Zhang, Z. _au Lu, X. _au Luo, J. _au Liu, Y. _au Zhang, C. _ca Zhenyu Zhang. State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China _ab Twelve La"2O"3 doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) nanofilms were deposited using unbalanced dual-magnetron sputtering. AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, AES, XPS, TEM, contact surface profiler and nanoindenter were employed to investigate the structure and tribological properties of deposited films. The results show that the La"2O"3 doped DLC films are amorphous. La"2O"3 doping obviously decreases internal stress, and effectively increases the elastic modulus. This results from the dissolving and dissolution of La"2O"3 within the amorphous DLC matrix. Furthermore, the friction coefficient of the doped DLC films decreases, and adhesion strength increases. These are attributed to the lubrication function of La"2O"3 and the formation of transition layer at interface, respectively. _la EN _kw Unbalanced magnetron sputtering _kw DLC _kw La"2O"3 _kw Mribological properties _pg 1621-1627 _mf [XML Cit] 07007505 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007554 _ii S0257-8972(07)00755-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.055 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Thermally grown oxide growth behavior and spallation lives of solution precursor plasma spray thermal barrier coatings _au Wu, F. _au Jordan, E.H. _au Ma, X. _au Gell, M. _ca E.H. Jordan. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA _ab The effects of thermally grown oxide (TGO) growth rate and bond coat oxidation behavior on the spallation lives of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been investigated. Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings have been applied to various bond coat/superalloy substrate combinations using the Solution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) process. The coatings have been furnace thermal cycled at 1121 ^oC, using one hour cycles. A large variation in the spallation lives, from 125 to 1230 cycles, has been observed and are attributed to (a) the spatially averaged TGO growth rate, (b) the maximum localized TGO thickness, (c) the formation of non-alumina oxides with weak interfaces, and (d) the formation of yttrium aluminate stringers in low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) processed bond coat. Of these four factors, the average TGO thickness is the most important. Surprisingly vacuum plasma sprayed bond coated samples consistently had shorter cyclic live compared to air plasma sprayed bond coated samples. _la EN _kw Thermal barrier coating _kw Spallation life _kw Thermally grown oxide _kw Bond coat _kw Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process. _pg 1628-1635 _mf [XML Cit] 07007554 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007815 _ii S0257-8972(07)00781-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.084 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electro-spark coatings for enhanced performance of twist drills _au Soma Raju, K.R.C. _au Faisal, N.H. _au Srinivasa Rao, D. _au Joshi, S.V. _au Sundararajan, G. _ca K.R.C. Soma Raju. Surface Engineering Division, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Balapur Post, Hyderabad-500 005, India _ab Surface engineering approaches are being increasingly employed for enhancing the effective life of twist drills with a view to reduce machining costs. The electro-spark coating (ESC) technique provides a promising means of depositing wear resistant coatings that can potentially enhance the performance of these tools. However, it is often necessary to also optimize the machining conditions for coated tools to achieve an enhanced tool life. In the present investigation, varying spindle speeds were employed at a fixed vertical feed to evaluate the performance of WC-8Co ESC coated HSS drills in comparison to bare HSS drills. The number of holes drilled before reaching a preset average flank wear (0.5 mm), or catastrophic failure of the drill, was taken as the measure of tool life. The drill flank wear, monitored at regular intervals, as well as the cutting torque and thrust measured for all holes, were considered to be the key criteria for optimizing the cutting conditions. Results indicate that the WC-8Co coated drill tool life can be increased by a factor of more than 5, depending on the machining conditions selected. Furthermore, flank wear of the drill was found to increase rapidly at the end of drill life. Cutting torque data was also found to provide a useful indicator for predicting the end of tool life. _la EN _kw Thrust force _kw Cutting torque _kw Tool life _kw Hole quality _kw Electro-spark coating _kw WC-Co _kw Twist drills _kw Cutting edge wear _pg 1636-1644 _mf [XML Cit] 07007815 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007712 _ii S0257-8972(07)00771-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.023 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrodeposition and characterization of zinc-cobalt alloy from chloride bath; influence of coumarin as additive _au Mouanga, M. _au Ricq, L. _au Bercot, P. _ca M. Mouanga. Institut UTINAM, CNRS UMR 6213, Equipe Sonochimie et Reactivite des Surfaces, Universite de Franche-Comte, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besancon Cedex, France _ab Zinc-cobalt alloys were electrodeposited from chloride bath under continuous current and in the presence and absence of coumarin. The deposit morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the preferred crystallographic orientations of the deposits. Zinc-cobalt alloys was without texture in the absence of coumarin whereas, the preferred crystallographic orientations was (103) at 65% in the presence of coumarin. The presence of coumarin yields deposits with a finer grain size. The alloy composition was examined using the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF). The percentage of cobalt in the alloy decreases from 1.04 wt.% to 0.69 wt.% in the presence of coumarin. Voltammetric studies show that coumarin affects the reduction of zinc but it was without effect on cobalt reduction. That explains the decrease of cobalt percentage in the alloy in the presence of coumarin. _la EN _kw Zinc-cobalt _kw Electrodeposition _kw Coumarin _kw XRD _kw SEM _pg 1645-1651 _mf [XML Cit] 07007712 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007700 _ii S0257-8972(07)00770-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.025 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The in situ synthesis and wear performance of a metal matrix composite coating reinforced with TiC-TiB"2 particulates, formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by a low oxygen partial pressure fusing technique _au Zhou, W. _au Zhao, Y.G. _au Li, W. _au Mei, X.L. _au Jiang, Q.C. _ca Y.G. Zhao. Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University; Nanling Campus, No.5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, PR China _ab A metal matrix composite coating reinforced with TiC-TiB"2 particulates has been successfully fabricated utilizing the in situ reaction of Al, Ti and B"4C by the low oxygen partial pressure fusing technique to improve the wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The results show that increasing the B"4C content is adverse to forming the coating for the formation of interfacial stress; however, the addition of TiC powder as a diluent can favor the formation of this coating and the addition of small amounts of Y"2O"3 can greatly improve the adhesion of the coating. After a pin-on-disc wear test, the wear mass loss of the coating is only about 1/12 that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the wear mechanism of coating is a mixed type of slight peeling-off, adhesion and abrasion. _la EN _kw Wear _kw Metal matrix composite coating _kw Ti-6Al-4V alloy _kw In situ synthesis _pg 1652-1660 _mf [XML Cit] 07007700 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007578 _ii S0257-8972(07)00757-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.024 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structure of duplex CrN/NbN coatings and their performance against corrosion and wear _au Savisalo, T. _au Lewis, D.B. _au Luo, Q. _au Bolton, M. _au Hovsepian, P. _ca T. Savisalo. Sheffield Hallam University, Materials Research Institute, Howard St, S1 1WB, Sheffield, United Kingdom _ab In tribological applications the coating-substrate combination can be considered as a system, since both greatly influence the properties of that affect the tribological performance. Further, it is often desirable that both high wear resistance and corrosion resistance can be achieved even when low cost and easily machineable substrate materials are considered. Duplex surface treatment combining pulse plasma nitriding and PVD coating can provide solution for excellent wear and corrosion resistance for low alloy and constructional steels. In this work three different pulse plasma nitriding processes were carried out prior to the CrN/NbN PVD coating to attain high surface hardness and enhanced load bearing behaviour for S154 high strength construction steel. The phase composition of the compound layer, formed in the nitriding process, was found to greatly affect the tribological properties of the duplex system. The compound layer with high amount of @?-phase contributed to superior corrosion and wear resistance, whereas the ductile @c'-phase compound layer provided better impact resistance and enhanced. The best duplex treated S154 samples had wear resistance comparable to that of similarly coated HSS. The corrosion resistance was also improved by duplex process. If anodic current at +500 mV vs. SCE is considered as criteria, the best system has almost 3 orders of magnitude lower corrosion current than with the PVD coating alone. _la EN _kw Duplex _kw PVD _kw CrN/NbN _kw Nitriding _kw Corrosion _kw Wear _pg 1661-1667 _mf [XML Cit] 07007578 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007566 _ii S0257-8972(07)00756-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.067 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface characterization of AISI 316L biomaterials obtained by electropolishing in a magnetic field _au Hryniewicz, T. _au Rokicki, R. _au Rokosz, K. _ca T. Hryniewicz. Politechnika Koszalinska, Division of Surface Electrochemistry, Raclawicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland _ab The paper deals with comparison of the results obtained by electropolishing AISI 316L surfaces in an externally applied magnetic field with those of a standard electropolishing process. All electrochemical investigation methods, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve measurements, and surface analytical methods such as surface roughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine the efficacy of electropolishing in a magnetic field. _la EN _kw Magnetoelectropolishing _kw Modes of treatment _kw Stainless steels _kw Surface roughness comparison _kw Corrosion behaviour _pg 1668-1673 _mf [XML Cit] 07007566 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007827 _ii S0257-8972(07)00782-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.037 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The growth of zinc phosphate coatings on 6061-Al alloy _au Zhang, S.l. _au Chen, H.h. _au Zhang, X.l. _au Zhang, M.m. _ca Sheng-lin Zhang. School of Mechanical, Electronic and Information Engineering, China university of M&T, Beijing, 100083, China _ab Zinc phosphate coating was formed on 6061-Al alloy through a phosphating bath containing mainly ZnO, H"3PO"4, NaF. Yttrium oxide (Y"2O"3) was used as an accelerator of phosphatization to replace nitrite. The morphology, composition and the growth process of the zinc phosphate coating were investigated by SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and electrochemical measurements. The phosphate coating formed is composed of hopeite and metallic zinc. The formation and morphology of the zinc phosphate coating were strongly influenced by the presence of yttrium oxide (Y"2O"3) in the phosphating bath. The formed zinc phosphate coatings exhibited high corrosion resistance in 3% NaCl solution as shown by polarization measurement. _la EN _kw Phosphatation _kw Hopeite _kw Aluminum alloy _kw Yttrium oxide _kw Corrosion resistance _pg 1674-1680 _mf [XML Cit] 07007827 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007876 _ii S0257-8972(07)00787-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.026 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Cold spraying of Al-Sn binary alloy: Coating characteristics and particle bonding features _au Ning, X.J. _au Jang, J.H. _au Kim, H.J. _au Li, C.J. _au Changhee Lee _ca Hyung-Jun Kim. Welding Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, Pohang 790-600, South Korea _ab In this study, Al-Sn binary alloy coatings were prepared with Al-10 wt.% Sn (Al-10Sn) and Al-20 wt.%Sn (Al-20Sn) gas atomized alloy powders by low pressure cold spray process. The microstructure and microhardness of the coatings were characterized. The deposition efficiency of Al-Sn and pure aluminum powder were tested on sand blasted substrates of Al6061, copper and SUS304. To investigate the particle bonding features of Al-10Sn powder, the wipe test was carried out on polished substrate surfaces. The average critical velocity of Al-Sn alloy powders was estimated combining with the deposition efficiency. The results proved that Al-Sn coatings with dense and uniform structure can be deposited successfully by low pressure cold spray with helium as the propellant gas. The weight content of tin in Al-Sn coating is 12% and 22% for Al-10Sn and Al-20Sn coating, respectively. With the increase of tin content in feedstock powder, the as-sprayed coatings present similar microhardness of 73 and 74 for Al-10Sn and Al-20Sn while, on the other hand, the deposition efficiency decreased. Bonding features of Al-10Sn particles indicated that the melting of tin phase occurred on the contact interface during particle impacting. This melting of tin phase and low strength of tin may affect the particle bonding process and hence increase the critical velocity for Al-Sn binary alloy powders. _la EN _kw Cold spray _kw Al-Sn binary alloy _kw Particle bonding _kw Critical velocity _kw Coating structure _pg 1681-1687 _mf [XML Cit] 07007876 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007864 _ii S0257-8972(07)00786-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.036 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of plasma nitriding on hydrogen environment embrittlement of 1.4301 austenitic stainless steel _au Michler, T. _ca Thorsten Michler. Adam Opel GmbH, Ruesselsheim, Germany _ab The aim of this work was to study if hydrogen environment embrittlement of DIN 1.4301 austenitic stainless steel can be suppressed by a nitrided surface. DIN 1.4301 was plasma nitrided in a N"2/H"2 discharge. Nitriding produced 3-layered structure consisting of a @c"N top layer, an intermediate @c/@c"C-layer and a diffusion layer. It is assumed that the @c"C phase was formed due to the decomposition of CO originating from the reactor walls and the subsequent incorporation of C into the material. The @c"C phase is characterized by distinct XRD peaks and carbon contents between 0.5 and 4 wt.% as well as nitrogen contents between 0.5 and 8 wt.%. Plastic deformation of the plasma nitrided specimen showed cracks and some delamination of the @c"N layer, whereas the @c/@c"C-layer behaved in a very ductile manner. Even at a plastic deformation of 35% no cracks or any other damage was visible. A tensile test in gaseous hydrogen showed severe embrittlement of the unnitrided steel and the nitrided steel with a @c"N layer. No cracks were observed in areas where just the @c/@c"C-layer was present. _la EN _kw Plasma nitriding _kw Austenitic stainless steel _kw Hydrogen embrittlement _pg 1688-1695 _mf [XML Cit] 07007864 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007852 _ii S0257-8972(07)00785-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.027 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed W/SiC composite for high-temperature energy applications _au Fahim, N.F. _ca N.F. Fahim. Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan _ab W/SiC metal matrix composites were produced by gas tunnel type plasma spraying (GTPS) using a mixture of 12 wt.% SiC-88 wt.% W feedstock powder. This work aimed at the optimization of the plasma gun current for deposition of a W/SiC composite with fine microstructure on AISI 304 substrate. Characterization of deposits was performed in order to assess microstructure, micro-hardness, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. WO"3 was detected in the composite deposits, which indicated that the tungsten partially oxidized during plasma spraying. Also, the deposit composite was dense and nearly free of pores due to the little mismatch between the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for W and SiC. Microhardness values gradually decreased as a function of input current due to the formation of WO"3 and the decomposition of SiC particles in high temperature flame region. The thermal conductivity as high as ~59 W/mK was obtained at gun current 80 A. It was found that both tungsten oxide and structure imperfections have a significant influence on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. _la EN _kw W/SiC metal-matrix composite _kw Gas tunnel type plasma spraying _kw Microstructure _kw Microhardness _kw Thermal diffusivity/conductivity _pg 1696-1703 _mf [XML Cit] 07007852 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007839 _ii S0257-8972(07)00783-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.054 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Bond stress development at a surface coating-substrate interface due to the action of a nucleus of thermo-elastic strain _au Selvadurai, A.P.S. _au Kringos, N. _au Scarpas, A. _ca A.P.S. Selvadurai. Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada _ab The class of problems dealing with surface reinforced elastic media is encountered in many areas of materials engineering, notably in connection with surface layers that are used to provide protection to an otherwise softer substrate. These problems are of particular importance to the assessment of the mechanical behaviour of thin films and other forms of industrial coatings. This paper examines the problem related to the flexure of a plate-like surface layer that is bonded to an elastic halfspace region, and where the flexure of the coating is induced by a nucleus of thermo-elastic strain acting within the halfspace region. _la EN _kw Interface stresses in a coating _kw Thermo-elastic delamination stresses _kw Plate flexure model of coating _kw Bond stresses _kw Analytical results _pg 1704-1711 _mf [XML Cit] 07007839 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007918 _ii S0257-8972(07)00791-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.074 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Protective Si-Al-O-Y glass coatings on stainless steel in situ prepared by combustion flame spraying _au Sainz, M.A. _au Osendi, M.I. _au Miranzo, P. _ca M.A. Sainz. Institute for Ceramics and Glass, C.S.I.C., 28049 Madrid, Spain _ab Surface treatments are a common solution for reducing wear and friction, as well as for increasing oxidation and corrosion resistances. Two refractory glass compositions in the SiO"2-Al"2O"3-Y"2O"3 system have been in situ deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel substrates by combustion flame spraying, with an oxyacetylene torch. Both compositions, 66SiO"2-22Al"2O"3-12Y"2O"3 mol.% (G) and 50SiO"2-30Al"2O"3-20Y"2O"3 mol.% (D), were formulated in the glass forming area; however, G is situated in the pure glass zone and D in a zone of glass formation where partial crystallizations occur. As-sprayed coatings had a thickness of 150-240 @mm and were of glassy nature, although in D composition formation of Y"3Al"5O"1"2 and Y"2Si"2O"7 phases was observed. The influence of the Si/Al/Y ratios on the microstructure and properties of the coatings has been studied by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness indentation tests. Properties of these coatings were compared to the bulk properties of the same composition glasses finding direct relationships between them. _la EN _kw [pacs] 81.05Kf _kw [pacs] 81.05Pj _kw [pacs] 81.65b _kw [pacs] 82.33Vx _kw Flame spraying _kw Si-Al-O-Y glass coating _kw Microstructure _kw Stainless steel _kw Corrosion protection _kw [pacs] 68.35Dv _kw [pacs] 68.35p _pg 1712-1717 _mf [XML Cit] 07007918 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007906 _ii S0257-8972(07)00790-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.031 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of coating bath composition on the properties of electroless nickel-boron films _au Anik, M. _au Korpe, E. _au Sen, E. _ca Mustafa Anik. Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey _ab The effect of borohydride, thallium acetate, ethylenediamine and sodium hydroxide concentrations, and the coating bath temperature on both the coating rate and boron content of the electroless Ni-B films was investigated systematically. The Ni-B coating rate increased with the increase in thallium acetate and sodium hydroxide concentrations, but it was not very sensitive to the borohydride concentration. Below 90 g L^-^1 ethylenediamine concentration the coating efficiency was significantly low and above this value as the ethylenediamine concentration increased the coating rate decreased slightly. Below 85 ^oC the coating rate was very low and above this temperature it was insensitive to the bath temperature. The boron content of Ni-B film increased with the increase in the borohydride concentration and the bath temperature, and decreased with the increase in thallium acetate and ethylenediamine concentrations. Up to 50 g L^-^1 sodium hydroxide concentration, the boron content of the film increased and above this concentration it was insensitive to the sodium hydroxide concentration. As the boron content of Ni-B film increased, both the corrosion resistance and microhardness of Ni-B film increased. Heat treatment brought significant improvement in the microhardness but the corrosion resistance of Ni-B film was observed to decrease due to the disappearance of the amorphous characteristics of the as-deposited Ni-B film and the formation of the Ni-B compound phases. _la EN _kw Impedance spectroscopy _kw Cyclic voltammetry _kw Microhardness _kw Electroless deposition _kw Nickel boron films _pg 1718-1727 _mf [XML Cit] 07007906 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700789X _ii S0257-8972(07)00789-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.032 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Microstructural study of composite C-Cu films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering _au Onoprienko, A.A. _au Danilenko, N.I. _au Kossko, I.A. _au Gorban, V.F. _ca A.A. Onoprienko. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3 Krzhyzhanovsky St., 03142 Kiev, Ukraine _ab Thin carbon/copper films (8-26 at.% Cu) were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering of composite graphite/copper target in an argon plasma. The structure of as-deposited and annealed at 300-600 ^oC in a vacuum films has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The hardness of films was measured by indentation method. The as-deposited films were amorphous with copper atoms uniformly distributed over the film volume. Annealing resulted in precipitation of copper particles within carbon films with average particle size depending on copper content and annealing temperature. The decrease in the density of copper particles and increase in particle average size with annealing time took place due to diffusion coalescence within the ensemble of particles. The coalescence occurred by mixed mechanism of bulk and surface diffusion of copper atoms within carbon films that contain a large number of structural defects. As a result, the average radius of copper particles changed as R@?^5~t. _la EN _kw Amorphous carbon _kw Sputtering _kw Composite _kw Structure _kw Diffusion _kw Transmission electron microscopy _kw Electron diffraction _pg 1728-1732 _mf [XML Cit] 0700789X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007888 _ii S0257-8972(07)00788-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.033 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Studies on the influence of metal oxides on the galvanic characteristics of hot-dip zinc coating _au Shibli, S.M.A. _au Manu, R. _au Beegum, S. _ca S.M.A. Shibli. Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum, 695 581, India _ab In the present work, hot dip zinc coating incorporated with various composite was developed. The effect of ZnO and V"2O"5 in the galvanizing characteristics of zinc coating was studied with a view to apply the coating for functional application. The pretreatment conditions and bath compositions were fixed based on the available literatures and on the preliminary test results. Different electrochemical techniques were followed to study the corrosion tolerance of the coating. The presence of ZnO had a beneficial influence on the protection span of the coating compared to that of V"2O"5. The presence of composite reinforced inner layer influenced the alloying reaction between Fe and Zn. The surface topography of the coating was also improved due to the metal oxide incorporation. _la EN _kw Zinc coating _kw Galvanic coating _kw Corrosion _kw Composites _kw Alloying _pg 1733-1737 _mf [XML Cit] 07007888 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007931 _ii S0257-8972(07)00793-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.029 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Hardness and elastic modulus of amorphous and nanocrystalline SiC and Si films _au Kulikovsky, V. _au Vorlicek, V. _au Bohac, P. _au Stranyanek, M. _au Ctvrtlik, R. _au Kurdyumov, A. _au Jastrabik, L. _ca P. Bohac. Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic _ab Hydrogen-free amorphous and nanocrystalline films were prepared by magnetron sputtering of the SiC or Si targets. Mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus, intrinsic stress) and film structures were investigated in dependence on the substrate bias and temperature. It was found that both hardness and elastic modulus of all amorphous a-SiC films prepared at different substrate temperatures and biases are always lower than those for bulk @a-SiC single crystal while the hardness of partially crystalline SiC films is higher and the elastic modulus lower than those for @a-SiC one. In contrast, both hardness and elastic modulus of all amorphous Si films are always lower than those for nanocrystalline Si films which show approximately the same value as the Si single crystal. _la EN _kw Sputtering _kw Hardness _kw Nanocrystalline SiC films _kw Nanocomposites _kw Amorphous _pg 1738-1745 _mf [XML Cit] 07007931 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700792X _ii S0257-8972(07)00792-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.028 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Modified tensile adhesion test for evaluation of interfacial toughness of HVOF sprayed coatings _au Watanabe, M. _au Kuroda, S. _au Yokoyama, K. _au Inoue, T. _au Gotoh, Y. _ca M. Watanabe. Composites and Coatings Center, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan _ab Tensile adhesion test is widely used to evaluate the adhesion strength of coatings sprayed by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) technique. But there are two issues to be improved. Firstly, when the coatings have high adhesion strength, failure occurs in an adhesive layer, and secondary, the edge of a substrate is heavily deformed and rounded due to the high impact energy of sprayed particles. This deformation causes large scatter of adhesion test results. In this paper, a new technique to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness has been proposed by introducing pre-crack at the interface of a conventional tensile adhesion test specimen. The asymptotic analytical formula was derived for interfacial toughness evaluation. Numerical analysis was also carried out for comparison. The difference between the numerical and the theoretical data was less than 5%. The developed procedure was applied for the SUS316 L steel coatings and the significant effects of the surface roughness and preheating temperature on adhesion strength were reconfirmed quantitatively. _la EN _kw Thermal spray coatings _kw Adhesion strength _kw HVOF _kw Interfacial fracture toughness _kw Finite element analysis _pg 1746-1752 _mf [XML Cit] 0700792X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007980 _ii S0257-8972(07)00798-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.103 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Fretting wear of a TiN PVD coating under variable relative humidity conditions-development of a 'composite' wear law _au Rybiak, R. _au Fouvry, S. _au Liskiewicz, T. _au Wendler, B. _ca S. Fouvry. Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systemes, CNRS UMR 5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France _ab Fretting is defined as a small oscillatory displacement between two contacting bodies. The interface is damaged by debris generation and its ejection from the contact area. The application of hard coatings is an established solution to protect against fretting wear. For this study a TiN hard coating manufactured by a PVD method was selected, and tested against a smooth polycrystalline alumina ball. A fretting test programme was carried out at a frequency of 5 Hz, 100 N normal load, 100 @mm displacement amplitude and at five values of relative humidity: 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% at a temperature of 296 K. The intensity of the wear process is shown to be significantly dependent on the environmental conditions. A dissipated energy approach was employed in this study to quantify the wear rates of the hard coating. The approach gives stable prediction of wear kinetics under constant medium relative humidity. An increase of relative humidity is shown to promote the formation of hydrated structures at the interface and modify the third body rheology. This phenomenon was characterized by the evolution of wear kinetics associated with a significant variation of the corresponding energy wear coefficient. Hence, a 'composite' wear law, integrating the energy wear coefficient as a function of relative humidity, is introduced. It permits a prediction of wear under variable relative humidity conditions from 10 to 90% within a single fretting test. The stability of this approach is demonstrated by comparing various variable relative humidity sequences. _la EN _kw TiN coating _kw Relative humidity _kw Energy approach _kw 'Composite' _kw wear law _pg 1753-1763 _mf [XML Cit] 07007980 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007979 _ii S0257-8972(07)00797-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.035 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited Ni-Pd alloy electrodes for methanol oxidation _au Kumar, K.S. _au Haridoss, P. _au Seshadri, S.K. _ca Prathap Haridoss. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India _ab A wide compositional range of Ni-Pd alloy catalysts were prepared by electrodeposition for use as anode materials for methanol oxidative fuel cells in alkaline conditions. Structural characterization of the electrocatalysts in their as-plated condition revealed that the Ni-Pd catalysts synthesized were nanocrystalline, single phase, face centered cubic materials, indicating the formation of complete solid solution in the alloy. Compositional analysis of the alloys indicated that the palladium composition of the alloy increased with decrease in current density. This change in the composition of the alloy resulted in a shift in the X-ray diffraction peaks. The percentage shift in the d-spacing calculated from X-ray diffraction is in good agreement with percentage of palladium in the alloy. The electrocatalysts prepared are active for methanol oxidation in alkaline medium. _la EN _kw Electrodeposition _kw Ni-Pd coating _kw Fuel cell _kw Anode _kw Methanol electrooxidation _pg 1764-1770 _mf [XML Cit] 07007979 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07007967 _ii S0257-8972(07)00796-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.053 _ty FLA _li EN _ti WC"p/Fe metal matrix composites produced by laser melt injection _au Liu, D. _au Li, L. _au Li, F. _au Chen, Y. _ca Dejian Liu. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Production Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China _ab Laser melt injection (LMI) was used to produce WC particles (WC"p) reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) layer on the mild steel. During the LMI process, different parameters were applied, and the processing window of this technique was obtained. The MMCs layers were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM result reveals that none macro-defects except few pores can be found in the MMCs layer, and the WC"p distribute uniformly in the layer. In addition, some new phases can be found in the MMCs layer, where Fe"3W"3C is the predominant phase. At the same time, the amount of dissolved WC"p plays a key role in the microstructure of the MMCs layer. The WC particle dissolved into the melt pool leads to the appearance of reaction products in the matrix, such as various primary Fe"3W"3C dendrites, and the liquid WC remained on the solid WC particle results in the formation of a thicker reaction layer. _la EN _kw Laser melt injection _kw Metal matrix composites _kw Microstructure _pg 1771-1777 _mf [XML Cit] 07007967 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008341 _ii S0257-8972(07)00834-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.066 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Fatigue behaviour of low temperature carburised AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel _au Ceschini, L. _au Minak, G. _ca Giangiacomo Minak. DIEM, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna _ab Low temperature carburising (LTC) was applied to AISI316L austenitic stainless steel and its effect on microstructure and fatigue behaviour was investigated. LTC treatment enhances surface hardness and wear resistance of the steel without reducing its corrosion resistance. Surface hardness up to 1150 Vickers was achieved in the carburised layer, thanks to the formation of the so-called ''S-phase'', a carbon-supersaturated austenite phase. The XRD evaluation of treated material verified expanded austenite with no evidence of carbide precipitation. Rotating bending fatigue tests showed that the low temperature carburising treatment enhances the fatigue strength of the 316L steel by 40% with respect to the untreated material due to the high residual stresses present in the treated layer. A major temperature increase was found testing the LTC specimens, with a peak value at the end of the test up to 600 ^oC. By air cooling the LTC specimens during the tests, a further increase of fatigue strength up to 70% was achieved with respect to the untreated material. Fatigue cracks in the surface-treated specimens always nucleated near the boundary between the carburised case and the core. _la EN _kw Low temperature carburising _kw Fatigue behaviour _kw AISI316L _kw Austenitic stainless steel _kw Microstructure _kw Hardness _kw Fracture mechanism _pg 1778-1784 _mf [XML Cit] 07008341 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700833X _ii S0257-8972(07)00833-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.044 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effects of zinc bath temperature on the coatings of hot-dip galvanizing _au Bicao, P. _au Jianhua, W. _au Xuping, S. _au Zhi, L. _au Fucheng, Y. _ca Su Xuping. School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan Hunan 411105, China _ab The purpose of this work is to identify the influence of zinc bath temperature on the morphology and the thickness of hot-dip galvanizing coating. Hot-dip galvanizing samples were prepared at temperatures in the range of 450-530 ^oC in steps of 10 ^oC and at different immersing time. The samples were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis. When the galvanizing temperature ranges from 450 to 470 ^oC, the coating has a coherent and compact @z layer on the top of a @d layer. @z phase coexists with liquid zinc pocket around 480 ^oC. It was found that the coating thickness reaches maximum at 480 ^oC. When the temperature is above 500 ^oC, the coating changes to be primarily @d phase. _la EN _kw Hot-dip galvanizing _kw Coating morphology _kw Coating thickness _kw Galvanizing temperature _pg 1785-1788 _mf [XML Cit] 0700833X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008523 _ii S0257-8972(07)00852-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.107 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Blistering and spalling of thin hard coatings submitted to repeated impacts _au Ledrappier, F. _au Langlade, C. _au Gachon, Y. _au Vannes, B. _ca C. Langlade. LERMPS lab., EA 3316, Universite de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 90010 Belfort, France _ab The endurance life of thin DLC coatings, obtained by plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD), has been evaluated under repeated impact conditions. The observations of the damaged surfaces have permitted to identify several failure mechanisms. Impact tests, interrupted after various test durations, enable us to clarify the damage origin and to follow the failure evolution up to the complete coating failure. In particular, a blistering phenomenon has clearly been revealed. Some hypotheses for this unusual behaviour are proposed in reference to the film mechanical properties and residual stresses level. _la EN _kw Thin films _kw Surface fatigue _kw Impact test _kw Spalling _kw Blister _pg 1789-1796 _mf [XML Cit] 07008523 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008468 _ii S0257-8972(07)00846-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.086 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Oxidation resistance of TiAl alloy treated by plasma Nb-C alloying _au Guo, C. _au Liu, X. _au Ben, H. _au He, Z. _ca Chaoli Guo. Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China _ab In this paper, the duplex treatment of plasma surface niobizing and carburization (Nb-C alloyed or duplex treated) has been performed on TiAl substrates. Cyclic-oxidation tests for untreated and duplex treated TiAl were carried out in static air at 900 ^oC for 103 h. The mass gain due to oxidation was measured using an electrobalance. The chemical compositions of the Nb-C alloyed layer as well as its microstructure were examined by glow discharge spectrum (GDS) and the optical microscopy (OM). The electronic diffraction spectrum (EDS) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze and observe the oxide layers. The phase structures of the oxide scale were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the oxidation rate of the duplex treated TiAl specimens decreased significantly, compared with the untreated TiAl. The roles of duplex treatment for improving the oxidation resistance are discussed. _la EN _kw TiAl alloy _kw Plasma alloying _kw Plasma carburization _kw Oxidation resistance _pg 1797-1801 _mf [XML Cit] 07008468 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700847X _ii S0257-8972(07)00847-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.062 _ty FLA _li EN _ti High-order diffractometry of expanded austenite using synchrotron radiation _au Fewell, M.P. _au Priest, J.M. _ca M.P. Fewell. Physics and Electronics Engineering, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia _ab There has been much interest in the crystallographic nature of expanded austenite, the nitrogen-rich phase formed in the nitriding of an austenitic stainless steel at relatively low temperature, with previous work leading to a variety of descriptions. This paper reports tests of a total of 10 plausible candidate structures by recording diffractograms to high order. Through the use of synchrotron radiation, expanded-austenite diffraction peaks out to the 622 reflection were observed. Seven nitrided samples were studied, with two examined in detail. None of the candidate structures works well at high order and each has its particular difficulties at lower order. The analysis was deliberately confined to the candidate structures applied individually in the hope of identifying a simple structure for expanded austenite. It now seems that no simple view is tenable and combinations of effects must be considered. It is natural to suppose that distortion and faulting are likely to be features of the eventual answer. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.35.Bs _kw [pacs] 81.65.Lp _kw [pacs] 81.05.Bx _kw [B] Lattice parameters _kw [B] X-ray diffraction _kw [C] Plasma nitriding _kw [D] Iron alloy _kw [X; B] Synchrotron radiation _pg 1802-1815 _mf [XML Cit] 0700847X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008560 _ii S0257-8972(07)00856-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.068 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Aluminium depletion in NiCrAlY bond coatings by hot corrosion as a function of projection system _au Mayoral, M.C. _au Andres, J.M. _au Bona, M.T. _au Higuera, V. _au Belzunce, F.J. _ca M.C. Mayoral. Instituto de Carboquimica, CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma, 4. 50018 Zaragoza, Spain _ab Three different projection system are used to prepare NiCrAlY bond coats over metallic substrates: atmospheric plasma spray (APS), high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) and high frequency pulse detonation (HFPD). These coatings were tested in hot corrosion experiments with sprayed Na"2SO"4 at 1000 ^oC for 20 and 100 h experiments in air. Coatings surface composition after thermal treatment was characterised by XRD and SEM. Cross section of coatings were analysed by SEM-EDX. A relationship between microstructural characteristics of initial coatings and final performance in hot corrosion was found in terms of porosity percentage: plasma sprayed coatings present higher percentage of porosity compared to HVOF and HFPD projection systems for the same composition and Al is heavily consumed in interparticle oxidation. This Al depletion in turn involves intrinsic chemical failure and surface layer is comprised by a porous spinel of mixed oxides. On the other hand, high energy projection systems produce dense coatings allowing the Al migration to external alumina layer, particularly in the case of HVOF coating. _la EN _kw NiCrAlY bond coats _kw Hot corrosion _kw Al depletion _kw HVOF _kw HFPD _pg 1816-1824 _mf [XML Cit] 07008560 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008559 _ii S0257-8972(07)00855-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.094 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A chrome-free conversion coating for magnesium-lithium alloy by a phosphate-permanganate solution _au Zhang, H. _au Yao, G. _au Wang, S. _au Liu, Y. _au Luo, H. _ca Hua Zhang. School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China _ab A chrome-free conversion coating on magnesium-lithium alloy was obtained from a phosphate-permanganate solution. The morphology, the composition and the corrosion resistance of this coating were examined. The thin and non-penetrating cracked morphology with some deposits existed on the phosphate-permanganate conversion coating. The main elements of the conversion coating were Mg, O, K, P and Mn. The results of the electrochemical measurements and the immersion tests demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of the magnesium-lithium alloy has been improved by the phosphate-permanganate conversion treatment. _la EN _kw Magnesium-lithium alloys _kw Chrome-free conversion coating _kw Corrosion resistance _kw Phosphate-permanganate _pg 1825-1830 _mf [XML Cit] 07008559 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008730 _ii S0257-8972(07)00873-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Synergistic corrosion protection for galvanized steel by phosphating and sodium silicate post-sealing _au Lin, B.l. _au Lu, J.t. _au Kong, G. _ca Jin-tang Lu. College of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China _ab To improve the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings, the phosphated hot-dip galvanized (HDG) sheets were post-sealed with sodium silicate (water glass) solutions. The morphology and chemical composition of the composite coatings was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of sodium silicate post-sealing treatment on the corrosion behaviors of phosphate coatings was investigated by neutral spray salt (NSS) tests and electrochemical measurements. The results show that after the silicate post-treatment the pores among zinc phosphate crystals are sealed with the films containing Si, P, O and Zn, leading to the formation of the continuous composite coatings on the surface of HDG steel. The corrosion resistance of the composite coatings depending on concentration of sodium silicate and post-sealing time is greatly improved by the silicate post-treatment. The optimum concentration of silicate and post-sealing time are 5 g/L and 10 min, respectively. Both the anodic and cathodic processes of zinc corrosion on the samples are suppressed conspicuously, and the synergistic protection effect of the single phosphate coatings and the single silicate films is evident. Moreover, the low frequency inductive loop in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is disappeared and the electrochemical impedance values are increased for more than one order of magnitude. The corrosion protection of the composite coatings is comparable to that provided by the chromic acid post-treatment. _la EN _kw Galvanized steel _kw Phosphate coatings _kw Silicate _kw Corrosion _kw EIS _kw Polarization curves _pg 1831-1838 _mf [XML Cit] 07008730 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700878X _ii S0257-8972(07)00878-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.015 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Adhesion characteristics of copper thin film deposited on PET substrate by electron cyclotron resonance-metal organic chemical vapor deposition _au Jeon, B.J. _au Lee, S. _au Lee, J.K. _ca Joong Kee Lee. Advance Energy Materials Processing Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 131 Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, South Korea _ab The adhesion characteristics of Cu/C:H films on the pretreated PET (polyethylene terephthalate) substrate prepared by ECR-MOCVD with a periodic DC bias system were investigated in the aspect of surface energy, surface morphology, roughness, and adhesion force. For a chromo-sulfuric acid pretreatment, the surface roughness of PET substrate was increased up to a maximum value at 60 min of acid-soaking time, followed by a gradual decrease for longer acid-soaking times. The changes of surface energy by various pretreatment methods (such as Ar-ion implantation, O"2 plasma, chromo-sulfuric acid, and sandblasting) barely affected on the adhesion force because the pretreated PET was changed into hydrophobic surface through ECR-plasma polymerization of hfac (1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentandione) ligand of copper precursor. The acid pretreatment followed by ECR-deposition was confirmed as an effective method for the good adhesion of copper thin film on PET substrate at room temperature. The adhesion force of deposited metallic films primarily depended on the surface roughness of the pretreated substrate, and there was no strong correlation between the surface energy of the pretreated PET and the adhesion force of deposited Cu/C:H films. _la EN _kw Electron cyclotron resonance _kw Adhesion _kw Roughness _kw PET _kw Copper _pg 1839-1846 _mf [XML Cit] 0700878X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008766 _ii S0257-8972(07)00876-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The effect of hot-dipped aluminum coatings on Fe-8Al-30Mn-0.8C alloy _au Su, C.W. _au Lee, J.W. _au Wang, C.S. _au Chao, C.G. _au Liu, T.F. _ca T.F. Liu. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30049, ROC _ab The morphology and microstructure of an intermetallic layer formed on the surface of Fe-8Al-30Mn-0.8C alloy by hot-dip aluminization treatment have been examined in detail. The phases present in the coating are unambiguously identified by means of transmission electron microscopy. After aluminization, a two layer coating was formed consisting of an external Al layer and a (Fe, Mn)"2Al"5 intermetallic on top of the substrate. The (Fe,Mn)"2Al"5 compound has an orthorhombic structure with lattice parameters a=0.752 nm, b=0.667 nm and c=0.417 nm. The activation energy (E"F"e"M"n"A"l) for the growth of such an intermetallic layer is calculated to be 52.7 kJ/mol. These results are different from those observed in aluminized low-carbon steel (E"F"e). The difference between E"F"e"M"n"A"l and E"F"e is attributed to the alloying elements (Mn) in the present alloy. Environmental salt fog corrosion and high temperature oxidation tests were carried out to examine the corrosion and oxidation resistance. The results indicated that both the corrosion and oxidation resistance of the Fe-8Al-30Mn-0.8C alloy treated by hot-dip aluminization can be significantly increased. _la EN _kw Fe-Al-Mn alloy _kw Hot-dip aluminization _kw Corrosion _kw Oxidation _kw Transmission electron microscopy _kw TEM _pg 1847-1852 _mf [XML Cit] 07008766 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008754 _ii S0257-8972(07)00875-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Biomimetic apatite induction of P-containing titania formed by micro-arc oxidation before and after hydrothermal treatment _au Ryu, H.S. _au Song, W.H. _au Hong, S.H. _ca Seong-Hyeon Hong. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea _ab Phosphorous (P)-containing titania films were prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) of titanium (Ti) in an electrolyte containing @b-glycerol phosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (@b-GP, C"3H"7Na"2O"6P^.5H"2O), and their apatite inducing ability in a simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated. Macro-porous titania films were formed, consisting of only anatase phase, and the P content in the films increased up to 8 at.% with an increasing applied voltage. During hydrothermal treatment, the P in the films was diffused out to the surface and hydrolyzed to form the hydrogen phosphate (HPO"4^2^-) group. When immersed in SBF, no apatite was induced in any of the P-containing MAO specimens for up to 28 days. However, after a hydrothermal treatment at 250 ^oC, apatite was induced on the titania surfaces as early as 9 h immersion, and the entire exposed surface was covered with the apatite globules after 36 h immersion, which was much faster than the apatite induction on Ca-containing titania. The higher apatite-inducing ability of P-containing titania after hydrothermal treatment was believed to be due to the crystal structure (anatase) and presence of HPO"4^2^- group on the surface. _la EN _kw Biomimetic _kw Micro-arc oxidation _kw Apatite induction _kw Anatase _kw Hydrogen phosphate ion _pg 1853-1858 _mf [XML Cit] 07008754 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700881X _ii S0257-8972(07)00881-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Characterisation of organic-inorganic hybrid coatings deposited on aluminium substrates _au Han, Y.H. _au Taylor, A. _au Knowles, K.M. _ca Kevin M. Knowles. Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, U.K. _ab Optically transparent silica-based single amorphous phase organic-inorganic hybrid coating materials with differing organic/inorganic ratios have been prepared by a novel patented sol-gel process and deposited using a simple angled flow coating method on commercially pure aluminium substrates. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the microstructures of the hybrid materials and the quality of the interfaces between the coatings and the aluminium substrates. The scratch resistance, critical load to failure and failure modes of these hybrid coating materials were studied using a simple scratch test. The coatings produced were all shown to adhere well to the aluminium substrates and exhibit good levels of scratch resistance. _la EN _kw Scratch testing _kw Sol-gel _kw Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) _kw Urethane acrylate _kw [pacs] 81.07.Pr _kw [pacs] 81.20.Fw _kw [pacs] 68.37.-d _kw 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPTMA) _kw Organic-inorganic hybrid material _pg 1859-1868 _mf [XML Cit] 0700881X _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008900 _ii S0257-8972(07)00890-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.013 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Tribological behavior of W-DLC coated rubber seals _au Pei, Y.T. _au Bui, X.L. _au Zhou, X.B. _au De Hosson, J.Th.M. _ca J.Th.M. De Hosson. Department of Applied Physics, the Netherlands Institute for Metals Research, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands _ab Tungsten-containing diamond-like carbon (W-DLC) coatings have been deposited on FKM (fluorocarbon) and HNBR (hydrogenated nitrile butadiene) rubbers via unbalanced magnetron reactive sputtering from a WC target in a C"2H"2/Ar plasma. The surface morphology and fracture cross sections of uncoated and coated rubbers have been characterized with high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tribological behavior of uncoated and coated rubbers has been investigated with ball-on-disc tribotest under dry sliding condition against a 100Cr6 ball. The coefficient of friction (CoF) of uncoated rubbers is very high (>1). Equally a relatively high CoF of W-DLC coated FKM (about 0.6) is observed due to the gradual failure and delamination of the coatings. On the contrary, W-DLC coated HNBR rubber exhibits a superior tribological performance with a very low CoF of 0.2-0.25. The latter is comparable to that of Me-DLC coatings deposited on steel substrates. After 10,000 sliding laps almost no damage of the coatings is observed on the wear tracks. In fact the network of micro-cracks as deposited facilitates the flexibility of the coatings. The different surface roughness and mechanical properties of the rubber substrates explain the differences in the tribological performances of the coated rubbers. _la EN _kw W-DLC coating _kw Rubber substrates _kw Surface morphology _kw Coefficient of friction _kw Adhesion 1 _pg 1869-1875 _mf [XML Cit] 07008900 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008894 _ii S0257-8972(07)00889-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.012 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Protective effect in sulfuric acid media of alumina and ceria oxide layers electrodeposited on stainless steel _au Nickolova, D. _au Stoyanova, E. _au Stoychev, D. _au Avramova, I. _au Stefanov, P. _ca D. Stoychev. Institute of Physical Chemistry-BAS, ''Acad. G. Bonchev'' Str., block 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria _ab The influence of thin layers of Al"2O"3 and Ce"2O"3-CeO"2, electrodeposited on stainless steel OC4004, on the corrosion behaviour of the systems Al"2O"3/SS, Ce"2O"3-CeO"2/SS and Al"2O"3-Ce"2O"3-CeO"2/SS has been studied in sulfuric acid medium. A pronounced stabilizing effect on the passive state of steel and enhancement of its corrosion resistance has been established both for the samples as deposited and for the thermally treated Ce"2O"3-CeO"2/SS systems. In comparison to them the layers of Al"2O"3 have a substantial impact on the corrosion resistance of the Al"2O"3/SS system only in the cases when the system is not subjected to thermal treatment. The consecutive deposition of Al"2O"3 and Ce"2O"3-CeO"2 films on SS gives as a result an outstanding corrosion-protective effect, whereupon the corrosion potential of the system Al"2O"3/Ce"2O"3-CeO"2/SS is shifted in positive direction with ~0.3 V for the samples as deposited and with ~1 V-for the thermally treated samples. The so established favourable effect has been explained by the increased concentration of chromium oxides in the surface passive film, caused by the presence of cerium oxides, as well as by their action as cathode, effective with respect to the reduction corrosion reaction, shifting strongly the potential (at which this reaction is occurring) in positive direction. _la EN _kw Stainless steel _kw Corrosion _kw Al"2O"3 and Ce"2O"3-CeO"2 films _pg 1876-1888 _mf [XML Cit] 07008894 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008973 _ii S0257-8972(07)00897-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.024 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Transferring mechanism of the coating rod in friction surfacing _au Liu, X.M. _au Zou, Z.D. _au Zhang, Y.H. _au Qu, S.Y. _au Wang, X.H. _ca X.M. Liu. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China _ab A coating rod of 1Cr18Ni9Ti (321) was deposited on the substrate of mild steel 1020 to be able to perform a friction surfacing experiment. The temperature changes of special points on the coating rod were measured using a thermocouple. The results show that the temperature increase rate at the friction interface reached a high level at first. Then the rate decreased to a low level once the friction system became quasi-steady and the temperature became approximately stable near the melting point of the coating rod. The theory of contact melting was used to build the physical model for the quasi-liquid layer. Subsequently, the corresponding calculations were carried out. The computer simulation results are found to be consistent with the experiment results, and as such, the present study demonstrates the feasibility of applying contact melting theory to the study of friction surfacing. Likewise, this study reveals that the material at the top of the coating rod is plastic, and that it behaves as a quasi-liquid in the friction surfacing process. The study establishes the theory basis for the study of the mechanism of friction surfacing, and provides a new method for investigating other friction-welding techniques. _la EN _kw Contact melting _kw Friction surfacing _kw Transferring _kw Temperature gradient _pg 1889-1894 _mf [XML Cit] 07008973 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 07008961 _ii S0257-8972(07)00896-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.023 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of pulse parameters on the microstructure and microhardness of nickel electrodeposits _au Xuetao, Y. _au Yu, W. _au Dongbai, S. _au Hongying, Y. _ca Yuan Xuetao. Beijing Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing _ab Square-wave cathodic current modulation was used to electrodeposit fine-grained nickel from an additive-free and saccharin-containing Watts bath. The influence of pulse on-time, off-time, peak current density and saccharin on the grain size, surface morphology, crystal orientation, and microhardness was determined. The study showed that at constant off-time and peak current density, the crystal size of the deposits was found initially to decrease with pulse on-time before it started to increase with further increase in on-time. The crystal orientation progressively changed from a (111) texture at the on-time of 0.1 ms to a strong (200) texture at an on-time of 8 ms. An increase in the pulse off-time at constant on-time and peak current density resulted in a progressive increase in crystal size. However, the crystal orientation remained unaffected with increasing off-time. An increase in peak current density resulted in considerable refinement in crystal size of the deposits. The crystal orientation progressively changed from an almost random distribution at the lowest peak current density of 0.2 A/m^2 to a strong (200) texture at a peak current density of 2.0 A/m^2. The nanocrystalline nickel with grain size in the order of 30 nm can be produced from saccharin-containing Watts' baths. In contrast, when using an organic-free Watts' bath and similar pulse-plating conditions, the grain size can only be refined down to about 80-100 nm. The microhardness of deposits is related with grain size: when the grain size is large, the microhardness is consistent with Hall-Petch law (HPL); when the grain size is ultrafine, ''nano-effect'' would be generated, the microhardness is against HPL. _la EN _kw Pulse plating _kw Microstructure _kw Nano-effects _pg 1895-1903 _mf [XML Cit] 07008961 _t3 CXT0218A 02578972 02020009 0700895X _ii S0257-8972(07)00895-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.016 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface morphology and structure of Ni-P, Ni-P-ZrO"2, Ni-W-P, Ni-W-P-ZrO"2 coatings deposited by electroless method _au Szczygiel, B. _au Turkiewicz, A. _au Serafinczuk, J. _ca B. Szczygiel. Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland _ab Electroless binary Ni-P and ternary Ni-W-P alloy coatings and electroless composite (Ni-P-ZrO"2 and Ni-P-W-ZrO"2) nickel coatings were deposited. Baths with aminoacetic acid as the complexing agent were used. ICP measurements showed that the P content depending on the type of coating is in a range of 4.7-6.3 wt.% (at pH=6, t=75 ^oC). The tungsten content is around 1-2 wt.%. SEM examinations show that the electroless Ni-P coating has the most fine-grained structure. Grains in the form of microspheroids 20 @mm in size are characteristic of the Ni-P-ZrO"2 coating. X-ray diffraction patterns show that for all the obtained coatings peak Ni(111) located around 2@q=44^o is the most intensive. After the coatings are heat treated at 400 ^oC for 1 h the peak becomes even sharper. The heat treatment results in a nearly double increase in crystallite size. The quaternary coatings' abrasion resistance is determined by the second-phase (ZrO"2) particles present in them. _la EN _kw Electroless nickel alloy _kw Composite coating _kw Crystalline structure _kw Wear _kw Tungsten _kw Zirconium dioxide _pg 1904-1910 _mf [XML Cit] 0700895X _t1 CXT0218A 02608774 _jn Journal of Food Engineering _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd _t2 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 _vl 86 _is 2 _pr 151-306 _dt 200805 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07006176 _ii S0260-8774(07)00617-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0260-8774(07)00617-6 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg IFC _mf [XML Cit] 07006176 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07002907 _ii S0260-8774(07)00290-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Energy and exergy analyses of thin layer drying of coroba slices _au Corzo, O. _au Bracho, N. _au Vasquez, A. _au Pereira, A. _ca Otoniel Corzo. Department of Food Technology, Universidad de Oriente, Nucleo de Nueva Esparta, Guatamare, Venezuela _ab Energy and exergy analyses were conducted of the thin layer drying of coroba slices at three different air temperatures (71, 82 and 93^oC) and velocities (0.82-1.00 and 1.18m/s). The effects of inlet air temperature and velocity and drying time on both energy and exergy were studied. Both energy utilization and energy utilization ratio increased with increasing drying time while exergy efficiency decreased. The values of energy utilization and energy utilization ratio were found to be in the range of 0.009-0.65kJ/s and 0.00007-0.008 from 71^oC to 93^oC with drying air velocities of 0.82m/s-1.18m/s, respectively. The values of exergy inflow and exergy outflow were found to be in the range of 0.33-0.87kJ/s and 0.25-0.75kJ/s from 71^oC to 93^oC with drying air velocities of 0.82m/s-1.18m/s, respectively. The values of exergy loss and exergy efficiency were found to be in the range of 0.005-0.010kJ/s and 0.97-0.80 from 71^oC to 93^oC with drying air velocities of 0.82m/s-1.18m/s, respectively. _la EN _kw Energy and exergy analyses _kw Thin layer drying _kw Coroba slices _pg 151-161 _mf [XML Cit] 07002907 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07004888 _ii S0260-8774(07)00488-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.013 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Properties and qualities of vermicelli made from sour liquid processing and centrifugation starch _au Li, Z. _au Liu, W. _au Shen, Q. _au Zheng, W. _au Tan, B. _ca Qun Shen. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China _ab Properties and qualities of vermicelli made from two different techniques of processing starches were studied in this paper. Vermicelli made from sour liquid starch had more significant mesh structure than vermicelli made from centrifugation. TCL(total cooking loss) value of vermicelli made from sour liquid starch was significantly lower than that from centrifugation starch. Amylose content of starch and TCL of vermicelli, degradation rate and TCL of vermicelli all had significance negative correlation. Amylose content had significance positive correlation with the degradation rate of vermicelli. The swelling index and TCL had no significance correlation. _la EN _kw Vermicelli _kw Properties _kw Mung bean starch _kw Sour liquid processing _kw Centrifugation _pg 162-166 _mf [XML Cit] 07004888 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07004955 _ii S0260-8774(07)00495-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.031 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Epicarp characterization of coffee fruits by atomic force microscopy _au Cardona, Y.P. _au Oliveros, C.E. _au Arias, D.F. _au Alvarez, F. _au Devia, A. _ca Alfonso Devia. Laboratorio de Fisica del Plasma, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus la Nubia, Km 9 Via al Magdalena, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia _ab The superficial characterization of epicarp of the coffee fruits was made in two states of development: mature and green. The roughness of the area, and also the line for the parameters of roughness average (R"a) and quadratic root average of the roughness (R"q), were found by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the densities and dimensions of the coffee cells were found. The R"a range of the mature fruit was found to be between 0.03 and 0.19@mm, and for the green fruit it was between 0.23 and 0.38@mm. The R"q range of the mature fruit was found to be between 0.05 and 0.24@mm, and for the green fruit it was between 0.29 and 0.49@mm. These values delimit ranges of roughness for each state of development analyzed, and there is a difference among them without appearing interpolation of the data. It was determined that the cells have ellipsoidal form with an average area of 194.62@mm^2, and the density average is 4.206cell/mm^2. _la EN _kw Epicarp _kw Coffee fruits _kw Roughness _kw AFM _pg 167-171 _mf [XML Cit] 07004955 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07004979 _ii S0260-8774(07)00497-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.021 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Resistance of edible beans to compression _au Correa, P.C. _au Resende, O. _au Ribeiro, D.M. _au Jaren, C. _au Arazuri, S. _ca Carmen Jaren. Department of Projects and Rural Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain _ab The objective of this work was to evaluate the force-deformation data of edible beans by using elastic parameters as function of grain moisture content. Edible beans with moisture contents varying from 0.13 to 0.42 (dry basis) were compressed uniaxially between two parallel rigid plates in natural repose position with a force application rate of 0.001ms^-^1. The proportional modulus of deformability was determined for the deformation values obtained were: 0.4x10^-^3, 0.8x10^-^3, 1.2x10^-^3, 1.6x10^-^3, and 2.0x10^-^3m. The results showed that the compression needed to cause edible beans deformation decreased as the moisture content increased. Higher moisture contents resulted in a decreased force at failure. The proportional modulus of deformation values found varied between 4.1 and 71.3x10^7Pa, rising as the moisture content decreased. The sigmoidal model, described by Taylor's series, appropriately represent the force-deformation curve of edible beans in compression for different moisture contents and allowed a good identification of the generally applied elastic parameters. The values of maximum tangent and secant decreased with the increase of the moisture content of edible bean. _la EN _kw Phaseolus vulgaris _kw Proportional modulus of deformability _kw Elastic coefficients _kw Radius of curvature _kw Moisture content _pg 172-177 _mf [XML Cit] 07004979 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07004980 _ii S0260-8774(07)00498-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.022 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Flowability, cohesive, and granulation properties of wheat powders _au Landillon, V. _au Cassan, D. _au Morel, M.H. _au Cuq, B. _ca Bernard Cuq. Agro.M - INRA Montpellier, UMR IATE, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France _ab The objective of the present work is to investigate the diversity in flowability, cohesive, and granulation properties for a large variety of wheat powders, obtained from different wheat grain species (durum wheat or common wheat) by different milling conditions. The flowability, cohesive, and granulation properties were evaluated at low (15-16% db) and high (33% db) moisture contents, during mixing and under different stress conditions (confined or unconfined compression). The properties are discussed in regard with the initial physical and biochemical characteristics of particles. Results demonstrate a large diversity in flowability and cohesive properties for the selected wheat powders at initial moisture content. At low moisture content, the particle size distribution of wheat particles is found to significantly contribute to flowability and cohesive properties. The flowability and cohesion properties at high moisture content was found to be partly dependent on physico-chemical and biochemical mechanisms, because of the plasticizing effect of water molecules on the wheat components. The glass transition concept was used to discuss changes in mechanical properties of wheat powders due to changes in moisture content. _la EN _kw Wheat _kw Powder _kw Flowability _kw Cohesion _kw Granulation _pg 178-193 _mf [XML Cit] 07004980 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07004992 _ii S0260-8774(07)00499-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.023 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Determination of O"2 and CO"2 transmission rates through microperforated films for modified atmosphere packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables _au Gonzalez, J. _au Ferrer, A. _au Oria, R. _au Salvador, M.L. _ca Maria L. Salvador. Laboratory of Vegetal Food, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain _ab Microperforated films (perforation diameter <200@mm) are an option for achieving the appropriate gaseous composition in modified atmosphere packaging, especially for fresh-cut products. In this project, static techniques were used to experimentally measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide transmission rates of microperforated films. Twenty nine microperforations of different dimensions (from 40x30@mm to 350x110@mm) and thickness (from 29 to 57@mm) were tested in the project. A potential equation was found to provide a good prediction of the dependence of the O"2 and CO"2 transmission rates on the perforation area. The data predicted by the equation was compared with those from five other bibliographic models. The empirical equation agrees, within the experimental range, with the modified Fick's law (considering the total diffusive pass length of a perforation as the sum of the perforation length and end correction term). The predictions of the proposed equation for thicker films and holes of larger dimensions (equivalent radius >3000@mm) correspond to those of the empirical models. _la EN _kw Microperforation _kw Permeability _kw Gas transfer _kw Modelling _kw MAP _pg 194-201 _mf [XML Cit] 07004992 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005079 _ii S0260-8774(07)00507-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.029 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The influence of specific mechanical energy on the ultrasonic characteristics of extruded dough _au Owolabi, G.M. _au Bassim, M.N. _au Page, J.H. _au Scanlon, M.G. _ca G.M. Owolabi. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 _ab In this paper, the influence of specific mechanical energy (SME) input on the ultrasonic characteristics of extruded doughs with 50% and 70% moisture contents, representing extremes of processes employed in a typical dough processing industry was examined. It is aimed at extending the work on ultrasonic characterization of doughs mixed by conventional techniques, and employing ultrasound to measure the ultrasonic characteristics of extruded dough products. The ultrasound analysis showed that low SME values do not significantly change the ultrasonic velocities of the extruded dough with 70% moisture content. However, for dough of 50% moisture content, velocity values increased as a function of SME input. The dependence of attenuation coefficient on SME and dough moisture content was also sensitive to changes in SME, and can be characterized as essentially an inverse relationship to that of velocity. _la EN _kw Twin-screw extruder _kw Specific mechanical energy (SME) _kw Dough _kw Ultrasonic velocity _kw Ultrasonic attenuation _pg 202-206 _mf [XML Cit] 07005079 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005092 _ii S0260-8774(07)00509-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.027 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Dielectric properties of egg components and microwave heating for in-shell pasteurization of eggs _au Dev, S.R.S. _au Raghavan, G.S.V. _au Gariepy, Y. _ca S.R.S. Dev. Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9 _ab In this study, microwave heating has been considered for in-shell egg pasteurization. In the first part, the effects of temperature (0-62^oC) and frequency (200MHz to 10GHz) on the dielectric properties of egg components were investigated. In the second part, individual egg components as well as intact in-shell eggs were brought to pasteurization temperature in a laboratory-scale microwave oven working at 2450MHz using different (0.75, 1 and 2Wg^-^1) power densities and the heating curve was analyzed to determine heating time required for different power levels. Under the conditions studied, it was demonstrated that the albumen had higher dielectric properties and loss factors leading to its faster heating rate in a microwave environment than the yolk. This was corroborated by the microwave heating trials performed on individual components where albumen always heated up faster. Laboratory trials on microwave heating of in-shell eggs indicated that, on the contrary, the heating rates of both albumen and yolk were similar. Microwave heating appeared to have great potential for in-shell egg pasteurization. Models for calculating the @e' and @e'' at a given frequency and temperature for shell egg components were also presented. _la EN _kw Pasteurization _kw Shell eggs _kw Microwave _kw Heating patterns _kw Dielectric properties _pg 207-214 _mf [XML Cit] 07005092 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005109 _ii S0260-8774(07)00510-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.028 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Optimization of edible whey protein films containing preservatives for water vapor permeability, water solubility and sensory characteristics _au Ozdemir, M. _au Floros, J.D. _ca M. Ozdemir. Department of Chemical Engineering, Section of Food Technology, Gebze Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey _ab The effect of protein, sorbitol, beeswax and potassium sorbate concentrations in whey protein films on their water vapor permeability, water solubility and organoleptic properties was investigated using mixture response surface methods. All factors including protein, sorbitol, beeswax and potassium sorbate influenced water vapor permeability and water solubility of the films. Beeswax was the most important factor influencing the stickiness and appearance of the films. Amount of protein (50-65%, w/w) had no effect on stickiness and appearance, while the amount of sorbitol (35-50%, w/w) in the films had no influence on appearance. Mixture proportions of protein=0.53, sorbitol=0.38, beeswax=0.08 and potassium sorbate=0.01 would yield an edible film with minimum stickiness, water vapor permeability=<9gmmm^-^2h^-^1kPa^-^1, water solubility>=39% and appearance score>=80. _la EN _kw Edible films _kw Whey protein _kw Potassium sorbate _kw Response surface _kw Water vapor permeability _kw Solubility _kw Sensory _pg 215-224 _mf [XML Cit] 07005109 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005110 _ii S0260-8774(07)00511-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.033 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Life cycle inventory analysis of fresh tomato distribution systems in Japan considering the quality aspect _au Roy, P. _au Nei, D. _au Okadome, H. _au Nakamura, N. _au Orikasa, T. _au Shiina, T. _ca Takeo Shiina. Distribution Engineering Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan _ab Life cycle of fresh tomato was evaluated to determine CO"2 emissions during its cultivation and distribution. Low temperature (LT) and modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) were compared for their effect on quality. Road and sea transport were also compared. The method of cultivation and transport and the distribution systems affected the overall life cycle inventory (LCI, CO"2 emissions). Life cycle inventory was larger for greenhouse produce than for that raised under plastic cover and larger for produce transported by road than for that transported by sea. The distance between production and consumption area affected the LCI significantly. It is worthwhile to note that MAP would not be environmentally acceptable over LT packaging in the case of tomatoes transported by road over a distance shorter than 2000km although such transport does not require any cooling during transport and storage: MAP would be a better option in the case of sea transport beyond 1000km. The distance over which MAP is the better option is thus dependent on the mode of transport because the two modes of transport differ in speed and, therefore, in emissions. A change in cultivation from greenhouse to plastic cover, in transport from road to sea, and in packaging from LT to MAP is required to minimize the LCI and would abate approximately 0.14-0.24million tonnes of CO"2 emissions a year from Japan. _la EN _kw Life cycle of fresh tomato _kw Distribution systems _kw CO"2 emission _kw Japan _pg 225-233 _mf [XML Cit] 07005110 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005146 _ii S0260-8774(07)00514-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Multi-classification of pizza using computer vision and support vector machine _au Du, C.J. _au Sun, D.W. _ca Da-Wen Sun. FRCFT Group, Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland _ab The classification of pizza base, sauce spread and topping is highly sensitive to human error for its subjective and inconsistent nature. Image processing techniques combined with machine learning provide an objective and consistent way to accomplish this task. By using a combination of several binary classifiers, support vector machine (SVM) is a state-of-the-art learning algorithm for multi-classification of pizza base, sauce spread, and topping. With the selected features as input, the one-versus-one and directed acyclic graph (DAG) methods achieved 89.17% and 88.33% multi-classification accuracy respectively for pizza base, both 87.5% for pizza sauce spread, and 80.83% and 80.00%, respectively for pizza topping. The results showed that the computer vision systems developed had a great potential to assist in the automatic multi-classification of pizza base, sauce spread, and topping. _la EN _kw Pizza base _kw Pizza sauce spread _kw Pizza topping _kw Shape _kw Support vector machine _kw Computer vision _kw Image processing _kw Principal component analysis _kw Classification _kw Colour _pg 234-242 _mf [XML Cit] 07005146 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005158 _ii S0260-8774(07)00515-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Application of the synthetic polymer approach to the glass transition of fruit leathers _au Torley, P.J. _au de Boer, J. _au Bhandari, B.R. _au Kasapis, S. _au Shrinivas, P. _au Jiang, B. _ca S. Kasapis. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 5, Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543 _ab A commercial fruit leather was analysed in an effort to document the application of the synthetic polymer approach to its vitrification properties. Techniques employed were dynamic mechanical thermal analysis on tension and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The temperature and frequency dependence of Young's modulus were utilized in the construction of composite curves of viscoelasticity that identified the rubbery plateau, glass transition region and glassy state. The painstaking investigation of viscoelasticity supported by the combined framework of WLF/free-volume theory was successful in identifying the mechanical T"g of the partially vitreous material at subzero temperatures. That was contrasted with the corresponding value obtained using calorimetry, and the nature of the discrepancy between the two estimates of T"g was discussed. _la EN _kw Fruit leathers _kw Mechanical glass transition _kw Free volume theory _pg 243-250 _mf [XML Cit] 07005158 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 0700516X _ii S0260-8774(07)00516-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effects of drying temperature and tempering time on starch digestibility of brown fragrant rice _au Jaisut, D. _au Prachayawarakorn, S. _au Varanyanond, W. _au Tungtrakul, P. _au Soponronnarit, S. _ca Donludee Jaisut. School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha u-tid Road, Bangkok 10140, Thailand _ab Brown fragrance rice, commonly referred to as jasmine brown rice, is excellent in aroma and texture. However, glycemic index of this typical rice is high and hence it presents the risk of type 2 diabetes. A physical approach to reduce its glycemic index was thus investigated in this study. A drying process, which consists of high-temperature fluidized bed drying, tempering and ventilation, was employed to reduce the glycemic index of brown rice. During processing starch granules lost their polygonal shape as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and gelatinization of rice starch has partially taken place. In addition, DSC thermogram showed the amylase-lipid complex formation for the treated brown rice, resulting in lowering starch hydrolysis. After processing the glycemic index of brown rice was reduced from high to low-medium level. The head rice yield of the treated samples was slightly lower than that of the reference rice, which was dried in shade. The treated brown rice was harder than the reference rice as indicated by the RVA analysis. _la EN _kw Gelatinization _kw Glycemic index _kw Head rice yield _kw Starch hydrolysis _kw Amylose-lipid complexes _kw Fluidized bed _pg 251-258 _mf [XML Cit] 0700516X _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005171 _ii S0260-8774(07)00517-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Adsorption of naringin on nonionic (neutral) macroporus adsorbent resin from its aqueous solutions _au Singh, S.V. _au Gupta, A.K. _au Jain, R.K. _ca Satya Vir Singh. Horticulture Crop Processing Division, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar 152116, India _ab Naringin, a flavonoid, is major bittering principal in citrus juices. Adsorption studies were carried out with aqueous solutions of naringin on polymeric non-ionic (neutral) macroporus adsorbent resin (which are exploited for debittering of citrus juices) to know adsorption behavior of above bittering principal. It was found that at solution concentration 1.25kg/m^3, 0.15kg naringin can be picked up by 1kg dry resin. Most of the adsorption takes place during the first 90min. The naringin picked up by the adsorbent at equilibrium is not affected appreciably by the presence of citric acid. Adsorption of naringin is somewhat slower in the presence of citric acid i.e. it would take somewhat more time for saturation of adsorbent with naringin in the presence of citric acid. The data could be correlated satisfactorily with adsorption shell model with adjusted concentration which takes into account the sharp drop into concentration of solution during early period. From the initial condition i.e. initial concentration and volume of solution and amount of adsorbent the concentration history with time could be predicted. _la EN _kw [abr] F.P.D.; Filter paper dried _kw [abr] O.D.R.; Oven dried resin _kw Naringin _kw Citric acid _kw Adsorption _kw Debittering _kw Polymeric adsorbent _pg 259-271 _mf [XML Cit] 07005171 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005183 _ii S0260-8774(07)00518-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.007 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Internal bruising prediction in watermelon compression using nonlinear models _au Sadrnia, H. _au Rajabipour, A. _au Jafari, A. _au Javadi, A. _au Mostofi, Y. _au Kafashan, J. _au Dintwa, E. _au De Baerdemaeker, J. _ca H. Sadrnia. Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium _ab Fruit bruising could occur during handling, transportation and storage. It is invisible in many cases of fruits such as watermelon. In this study, nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was used to investigate internal bruising in watermelon compressed in longitudinal and transverse directions by parallel plates. The applied forces on models were equal to 10% of breaking force or 152N and 92N, respectively for Crimson sweet and Charleston gray varieties in the longitudinal direction. The simulation results show that equivalent stresses in the red flesh are higher than the failure stress in both varieties (27kPa and 37kPa for Crimson sweet and Charleston gray, respectively). However, the maximum equivalent stresses located near the surface of watermelon are well below the failure stresses of rind (1.2MPa and 1.1MPa for Crimson sweet and Charleston gray, respectively). This indicates that the bruise of the red flesh is the primary form of mechanical damage of watermelons under compression in both directions. The nonlinear FEA data confirmed well experimental results and has the ability to predict bruising in watermelons under different load conditions. _la EN _kw Mechanical properties _kw Bruise _kw Quality _kw Watermelon _kw Nonlinear models _kw Finite element analysis _pg 272-280 _mf [XML Cit] 07005183 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005195 _ii S0260-8774(07)00519-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.004 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effect of ultrasound treatment on solubility and foaming properties of whey protein suspensions _au Jambrak, A.R. _au Mason, T.J. _au Lelas, V. _au Herceg, Z. _au Herceg, I.L. _ca Anet Rezek Jambrak. Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia _ab The aim of this study was to observe the effect of ultrasound and sonication on whey proteins in order to improve their functional properties. Effect of ultrasound treatment on physicochemical and functional properties was examined by pH, conductivity and solubility measurements and foaming properties. In this work, low-intensity ultrasound (500kHz) and the high-intensity ultrasound (20kHz probe and 40kHz bath) were used. 10wt.% protein model suspensions of whey protein isolate (WPI); whey protein concentrate (WPC-60); and whey protein hydrolysate (HWP) were treated with ultrasound probe (20kHz for 15 and 30min) and ultrasound baths (40kHz and 500kHz for 15 and 30min). pH did not change significantly upon ultrasound treatments. Ultrasound affected functional properties (using 20kHz probe) of whey proteins like solubility and foaming ability by sample exposure at high temperatures caused by sonication. Using ultrasound of 40kHz frequency had less effect on protein properties and better results were obtained with 15min treatment than with 30min treatment. Ultrasound treatment with 500kHz bath did not had effect on foaming properties of whey protein model solutions. Conductivity decreased for ultrasound treatments with 40kHz and 500kHz bath for all samples. Temperature of protein model solutions increased after all ultrasound treatments. _la EN _kw Ultrasound treatment _kw Physicochemical and functional properties _kw Whey proteins _pg 281-287 _mf [XML Cit] 07005195 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005201 _ii S0260-8774(07)00520-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.005 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The effect of temperature on the crystallinity of lactose powders produced by spray drying _au Chiou, D. _au Langrish, T.A.G. _au Braham, R. _ca T.A.G. Langrish. School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia _ab The effect of varying the inlet air temperature over the range from 134^oC to 210^oC on the degree of crystallinity for spray-dried lactose powders (from ~55% crystalline to ~76% crystalline) has been studied experimentally in a Buchi-290 laboratory-scale dryer, since the temperature is likely to be important according to the Williams-Landel-Ferry theory for solid-phase crystallization. The increased crystallinity at higher-temperatures has been measured by water-induced crystallisation, X-ray diffraction, modulated differential scanning calorimetry and pore size and volume analysis, with all techniques showing consistent results. The results indicate that the degree of crystallinity in spray-dried products can be controlled by adjusting the operating conditions. _la EN _kw Crystallisation _kw Particle _kw Lactose _kw Spray drying _kw X-ray diffraction _kw Differential scanning calorimetry _kw Pore size and volume analysis _pg 288-293 _mf [XML Cit] 07005201 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07005274 _ii S0260-8774(07)00527-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Physicochemical, thermal properties and microstructure of six varieties of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) flours and starches _au Aboubakar _au Njintang, Y.N. _au Scher, J. _au Mbofung, C.M.F. _ca Y.N. Njintang. Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon _ab Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) flours were prepared from six varieties of taro corms coded as RIN, RIE, CN, CE, KW1 and KW2. Starch yields prepared from the flours varied between 66.5% for KW2 to 86.6% for RIE. The proteins content varied from 2.9% for KW1 to 4.9% for CN in the flours. Taro starch had irregular, polygonal shapes and small granular sizes. A wide variation was observed in the granular diameter of each of the starch samples and between the samples. The amylose contents varied from 14.7+/-1.64% to 30.85+/-0.63% as determined by the DSC method. The taro starch contained 0.2-0.6% lipids and 2% ash. The onset gelatinisation temperatures of the taro flours varied from 55.2 to 65.49^oC, whereas those of the starches are between 48.08+/-2.46 for KW2 and 64.37+/-2.35^oC for KW1. Retrogradation of the starches and the flours, as measured by their enthalpy changes, appeared to vary significantly between the varieties. The water absorption capacity varied from 240% to 470% and from 60% to 250% for the flours and starches samples, respectively. Taro flours had higher solubility index than their starch counterparts. Among the varieties, RIN and CE starches had the highest solubility whereas KW1 starch had the lowest. The sorption study also revealed the high ability of the taro flours to absorb water compared to their starch components. _la EN _kw Taro _kw Starch _kw Flour _kw Microscopy _kw Physicochemical properties _kw Functional properties _pg 294-305 _mf [XML Cit] 07005274 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860002 07001380 _ii S0260-8774(07)00138-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.02.046 _ty ERR _li EN _ti Erratum to ''Convective drying of Spirulina in thin layer'' [J. Food Eng. 77 (2006) 64-70] _au Desmorieux, H. _au Decaen, N. _ca Helene Desmorieux. LAGEP, UMR 5007 CNRS, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 43, bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France _pg 306 _br S0260-8774(04)00186-4 _br [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.021 _mf [XML Cit] 07001380 _t2 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 _vl 86 _is 3 _pr 307-464 _dt 200806 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07006322 _ii S0260-8774(07)00632-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0260-8774(07)00632-2 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg IFC _mf [XML Cit] 07006322 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07002051 _ii S0260-8774(07)00205-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.03.024 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Mechanical properties of gelatin-rich micro-particles _au Ding, P. _au Norton, I.T. _au Zhang, Z. _au Pacek, A.W. _ca A.W. Pacek. Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK _ab Effect of chemical composition and applied strain on mechanical properties of gelled gelatin-rich micro-particles resulting from phase separated gelatin/pullulan mixtures has been investigated. The mechanical properties of micro-particles (20-120@mm) were measured using a micromanipulation technique. The compress-release tests revealed that at a low deformation (up to 10% strain) particles are fully elastic with Young's modulus proportional to the concentration of gelatin and at the higher deformation (up to 50-80%) particles are visco-elastic. Even at very high load resulting in 50-60% deformation, no fracture of particles was observed and after the load was removed, particles recovered to a fully spherical shape. The visco-elastic behaviour was investigated by a stress-relaxation method, where force relaxation at constant deformation was measured as a function of time. The experimental results were analysed using a standard liner model of visco-elastic solids and the parameters of this model were related to the composition of gelled particles. _la EN _kw Gelled micro-particles _kw Gelatin-rich phase _kw Mechanical properties _kw Standard linear model _pg 307-314 _mf [XML Cit] 07002051 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07003354 _ii S0260-8774(07)00335-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.06.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Influence of vacuum impregnation on respiration rate, mechanical and optical properties of cut persimmon _au Igual, M. _au Castello, M.L. _au Ortola, M.D. _au Andres, A. _ca M. Igual. Institute of Food Engineering for Development and Food Technology Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, P.B. 22012, 46020 Valencia, Spain _ab The vacuum impregnation process (VI) was studied as a possible method of producing minimally processed products from persimmons as a method of increasing their commercial uses. Cubes of persimmon of two cultivar ('Picudo' and 'Rojo Brillante') were immersed in a sucrose solution (~24^oBrix) for 5min at 50mbar plus 5min at atmospheric pressure. The respiration rate (RR) and the optical and mechanical properties of fresh and impregnated samples were analysed and the changes occurring during storage were determined (7 days, 10^oC). A sensory analysis was also performed to evaluate the preferred variety and the acceptance of VI as a treatment for preparing minimally processed fruits (MPF). Although the persimmon has a low porosity, VI caused a mass increase in the samples of around 3%, which gave an improvement in the yield of the process to prepare MPF. VI improved the initial appearance of this fruit. The samples of cv. Rojo Brillante submitted to VI were chosen as the preferred samples. However during storage, VI did not avoid fruits acquiring a brownish colour and therefore some antibrowning products should be included in the osmotic solution. _la EN _kw Persimmon _kw Respiration rate _kw Vacuum impregnation _kw Texture _kw Colour _pg 315-323 _mf [XML Cit] 07003354 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005286 _ii S0260-8774(07)00528-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.012 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Micromechanical behaviour of apple tissue in tensile and compression tests: Storage conditions and cultivar effect _au Alamar, M.C. _au Vanstreels, E. _au Oey, M.L. _au Molto, E. _au Nicolai, B.M. _ca M.C. Alamar. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias/Centro de Agroingenieria, Ctra. Moncada-Naquera, Km.4.5, 46113 Moncada-Valencia, Spain _ab The micromechanical behaviour of apple tissue was studied using a miniature tensile stage positioned underneath a microscope that allowed for simultaneous acquisition of force-displacement curves while the deformation of the individual cells was followed and recorded. Tensile and compression tests were performed on small samples of apple parenchyma of two different cultivars (Jonagored and Braeburn) and two storage conditions (control and shelf-life). Tests on the repeatability of the methods has provided satisfactory results and will allow the reduction of samples in further experiments. Under tensile loading, no differences for any of the mechanical parameters were found between cultivars, while a significant storage effect was observed for both cultivars. This opens the possibility of developing new sensors for quality assessment. Differences were found when studying the relationship of mechanical properties at the micro- and macro-level, which requires further investigation. The insights gained in this research will be useful when developing mathematical models based upon the mechanical behaviour of apple tissue. _la EN _kw Malus domestica _kw Texture _kw Firmness _kw Elasticity _kw Storage _kw Histology _pg 324-333 _mf [XML Cit] 07005286 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005298 _ii S0260-8774(07)00529-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.010 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Modeling and simulation of the soybean oil meal desolventizing-toasting process _au Paraiso, P.R. _au Cauneto, H. _au Zemp, R.J. _au Andrade, C.M.G. _ca C.M.G. Andrade. Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringa, Brazil _ab The desolventizer-toaster (DT) is an important plant equipment in the processing of soybean oil meal, its main purpose being the separation of hexane from the soybean oil meal. The DT must recover as much hexane as possible and produce a good nutritional quality meal with low energy consumption. The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for the DT to be used for optimization of operational conditions. The DT was modeled as a column with stages. For each stage complete mass and energy balances were considered, as well as thermodynamic equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases. The equilibrium data were obtained from operational data of an actual plant. To check the suitability of the proposed model the behavior of the DT under different operating conditions was investigated: influence of hexane concentration of the cake on the meal moisture and the live steam consumption; the influence of the cake inlet temperature on live steam consumption; and the influence of the hexane content of the cake on the indirect steam consumption. _la EN _kw Soybean meal _kw Modeling _kw Simulation _kw Desolventizing-toasting _pg 334-341 _mf [XML Cit] 07005298 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005304 _ii S0260-8774(07)00530-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.009 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Sorption isotherms and moisture sorption hysteresis of intermediate moisture content banana _au Yan, Z. _au Sousa-Gallagher, M.J. _au Oliveira, F.A.R. _ca Maria J. Sousa-Gallagher. Department of Process and Chemical Engineering, University College, Cork, Ireland _ab Sorption isotherms of dried or intermediate moisture content (IMC) products are most important to model moisture uptake during storage and distribution. Working isotherms of IMC bananas were determined at five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 30 and 40^oC). Desorption and adsorption isotherms were determined at 10 and 40^oC. All the sorption curves were found to be Type II, with non-zero moisture content (approximately 3-9% db for different temperatures) when the water activity was zero. Different models were fitted to the data and it was found that the best results were obtained with a modified Freundlich equation (valid from 0.06 to 0.76 water activity). The dependence of the models constants on temperature was investigated and the secondary models were built accounting for the effect of a"w and temperature on the samples moisture content (R^2=99%). Hysteresis was observed at 10^oC and 40^oC, but the effect was greater at 10^oC. The net isosteric heat of sorption (working isotherms) varied from 0.85kJg^-^1mol^-^1 to 7.67kJg^-^1mol^-^1, decreasing with increasing moisture content. This effect was well described by an exponential function (R^2>99%). These results provide reliable experimental data on sorption isotherms which is important for designing an optimized packaging system. _la EN _kw Banana _kw Hysteresis _kw Isosteric heat of sorption _kw Modelling _kw Sorption isotherm _pg 342-348 _mf [XML Cit] 07005304 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005316 _ii S0260-8774(07)00531-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Puncture and stress relaxation behaviour of taro paste as affected by moisture content and puncture rate and depth _au Njintang, Y.N. _au Kesteloot, R. _au Blancher, G. _au Aboubakar _au Scher, J. _au Mbofung, C.M.F. _ca Y. Nicolas Njintang. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 454, Adamaoua, Cameroon _ab The effect of puncture rate (10, 100 and 250mmmin^-^1) and depth (5, 10 and 20mm) on the stress relaxation of taro pastes of moisture content 55% and 66% was studied. The analysed parameters were hardness (HAR), fracturability (FRA), force of adhesion (FOA), force of relaxation (FOR), ratio of fracture and relaxation time (ROT), rate of relaxation (ROR), visco-elasticity index (VEI) and the unrelaxed stress (SRU). The results showed that HAR, FOR, FRA and FOA were linearly correlated to each other and increased significantly with decrease in moisture content. In addition a general reduction of SRU was observed with increase in water. VEI, ROR and SRU were significantly linearly correlated to puncture rate while ROT was linearly correlated to puncture depth. The principal component analysis revealed that the first principal component (PC1) which represented 52% of the total variance was correlated to HAR, FOA, FRA and FOR. The second principal (PC2) component correlated to VEI, ROR and SRU and represented 31% of the variance whereas the third principal component (PC3) correlated to ROT and represented 15% of the variance. It was shown that the Euclidian distance between achu of moisture content 55% and 66% increased with increase in puncture rate and depth. _la EN _kw Taro paste _kw Water content _kw Puncture _kw Relaxation _kw Texture profile analysis _pg 349-357 _mf [XML Cit] 07005316 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005407 _ii S0260-8774(07)00540-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.013 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A dynamic object-oriented model for efficient simulation of microbial reduction in dispersed turbulent flow _au Skoglund, T. _au Dejmek, P. _ca Tomas Skoglund. Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden _ab To account for microbial reduction and food quality changes, first-order chemical reaction was added to a model for axial-dispersed plug flow (ADPF), which was recently developed for efficient (In the terminology of this paper, efficient is related to computation time for a given level of accuracy.) computation of time-dependent, large flow systems. It was shown that the extended ADPF model gives accurate results for typical parameter values in liquid-food applications. The analysis was based on Laplace transforms and the models were written in the object-oriented language Modelica, as objects in a library structure which is being developed to simulate complex liquid-food process lines and their control systems. The models were also implemented in such a way as to efficiently account for non-isothermal reactions in heat exchangers. Furthermore, to account for changes in flow rates, a model of dynamically calculating the ''true'' holding time in a channel was developed. Simulations showed that the model performs better than a straightforward alternative. _la EN _kw Residence time distribution _kw Dynamic model _kw Dynamic simulation _kw Liquid-food _kw Microorganisms _kw Heat exchanger _kw Chemical reaction _kw Microbial reduction _kw Tube reactor _kw Dispersion _pg 358-369 _mf [XML Cit] 07005407 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005419 _ii S0260-8774(07)00541-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.08.026 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Predictions of acidity, soluble solids and firmness of pear using electronic nose technique _au Zhang, H. _au Wang, J. _au Ye, S. _ca Jun Wang. Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China _ab In this paper, responses of sensor array in electronic nose were employed to establish quality indices model able to describe the different picking dates of ''xueqing'' pear. The multivariate calibration methods, multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares regressions (PLS) were applied to predict the quality indices of ''xueqing'' pear from different picking dates based on the signal of electronic nose. All models for firmness and soluble solids content show a good prediction performance. However the acidity, there was a very poor correlation with the signal of the electronic nose. It was found that MLR led to more precise predictions than the other multivariate calibration methods. The results indicate that it is possible to use this non-destructive technique for measuring ''xueqing'' pear quality characteristics. The methods have the potential to estimate chemical and physical properties of pear from signal of electronic nose. _la EN _kw Electronic nose _kw Pear _kw Multiple linear regression _kw Principal component regression _kw Partial least-squares regressions _kw Quality _pg 370-378 _mf [XML Cit] 07005419 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005420 _ii S0260-8774(07)00542-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.020 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Enthalpy entropy compensation during thermal degradation of chlorophyll in mint and coriander puree _au Rudra, S.G. _au Singh, H. _au Basu, S. _au Shivhare, U.S. _ca Shalini Gaur Rudra. Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Home Economics, Delhi University, New Delhi 110 016, India _ab Enthalpy entropy compensation effect has been a debatable topic for explaining the thermodynamic parameters in chemical reactions. Kinetic data for thermal degradation of chlorophylls (a, b and total) at 105-145^oC in coriander and mint leaf puree at pH 5.5-8.5 was used for this study. By applying the modified transition state theory and Krug's unbiased statistical regression procedure, the existence of thermodynamic compensation was tested for chlorophyll degradation. Enthalpy of activation (@DH^#) for the coriander and mint purees ranged from 2.36 to 91.99kJ/mol while entropy (@DS^#) ranged from -0.047 to -0.713kJ/(molK). Though the enthalpy and entropy values exhibited an excellent linear relationship (R^2>0.96), a critical analysis of the results indicated absence of any extra-thermodynamic effect or thermodynamic compensation for chlorophylls degradation. The presence of isokinetic point was also not detected. _la EN _kw Compensation _kw Chlorophyll _kw Thermodynamics _kw Coriander _kw Mint _kw pH _kw Thermal processing _pg 379-387 _mf [XML Cit] 07005420 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005444 _ii S0260-8774(07)00544-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.021 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Development of a machine vision system for automatic date grading using digital reflective near-infrared imaging _au Lee, D.J. _au Schoenberger, R. _au Archibald, J. _au McCollum, S. _ca Dah-Jye Lee. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA _ab Quality evaluation of agricultural and food products is important for processing, inventory control, and marketing. Fruit size and skin delamination are two important quality factors for the date industry, especially for high quality dates such as Medjools. Unlike other near-infrared spectrometric approaches, the developed machine vision system uses reflective near-infrared imaging to evaluate date quality by analyzing two-dimensional images. This paper presents the development and test results of a machine vision system for automatic date quality evaluation for commercial production. Near-infrared imaging, vision algorithms, and a variety of operational details of the system, including cameras, optics, illumination, electronics, control, and fruit carrier are presented. The complete machine vision system has been built, field tested, and installed in a date packing facility. Relative to manual grading, the operational system results in improved grading accuracy and a substantial reduction in operating costs. _la EN _kw Reflective near-infrared _kw Non-destructive inspection _kw Skin delamination _kw Real-time machine vision _kw Date grading _pg 388-398 _mf [XML Cit] 07005444 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005456 _ii S0260-8774(07)00545-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.015 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Product quality driven design of bakery operations using dynamic optimization _au Hadiyanto _au Esveld, D.C. _au Boom, R.M. _au van Straten, G. _au van Boxtel, A.J.B. _ca Hadiyanto. Systems and Control Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands _ab Quality driven design uses specified product qualities as a starting point for process design. By backward reasoning the required process conditions and processing system were found. In this work dynamic optimization was used as a tool to generate processing solutions for baking processes by calculating optimal operation strategies which give a basis for process and unit operation design. Two different approaches for dynamic optimization had been applied: calculation of continuous trajectories based on the calculus of variations (1) and calculation of switching trajectories by using control vector parameterization (2). Optimization of bakery processes was performed for different product specifications and by using different heating sources: convective, microwave and radiation heating. Moreover, effects of variations in dough properties on the optimal processing system were also evaluated. The results showed that dynamic optimization procedures were versatile tools to achieve a better and a more flexible design by generating a number of solutions from the specified final product qualities. Furthermore, the results underpinned the well known empirical fact that different final product specifications require different baking strategies. It was also shown that the initial dough properties have significant effect on baking procedures, and that combining several heating inputs improved the flexibility of the process operation. In addition, optimization for continuous trajectories gave overall a better result than using the switching trajectories. _la EN _kw Quality _kw Model _kw Baking _kw Optimal operation _kw Process design _kw Optimization _pg 399-413 _mf [XML Cit] 07005456 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005468 _ii S0260-8774(07)00546-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.016 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Drying model for cylindrical pasta shapes using desorption isotherms _au De Temmerman, J. _au Verboven, P. _au Delcour, J.A. _au Nicolai, B. _au Ramon, H. _ca J. De Temmerman. BIOSYST - MeBioS, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium _ab In this study, experimental desorption curves were determined based on non-linear regression analyses. Among the different sorption models tested - the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) equation, the GAB-like equations (Viollaz-GAB and Timmermann-GAB), the Ferro Fontan equation and the Oswin equation - the Oswin equation was assumed as the most accurate model to represent the desorption curves of pasta. This desorption isotherm was used to predict the drying curves of pasta as the circulating air and drying pasta are in equilibrium when pasta is dried in a convection oven. Together with a description of moisture diffusion in pasta, the desorption isotherm enable to model the drying behaviour of pasta adequately. The modelled moisture concentrations of the drying curves are in good correspondence with the experimental data, obtained during drying for cylindrical and flat-shaped pasta. _la EN _kw Diffusion _kw Desorption isotherm _kw Water activity _kw Moisture content _kw Model _pg 414-421 _mf [XML Cit] 07005468 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 0700547X _ii S0260-8774(07)00547-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.022 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Data-based mechanistic modelling of three-dimensional temperature distribution in ventilated rooms filled with biological material _au Thanh, V.T. _au Vranken, E. _au Berckmans, D. _ca Daniel Berckmans. Division of Monitoring Modelling Management of Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium _ab In this paper, a data-based mechanistic modelling approach was developed to real time monitoring and online adaptive control of three-dimensional temperature distribution in both an individual biological product and in a given movement. Boxes of potatoes were used as biological material. During the experiments, step inputs on an air inlet temperature were applied while airspace and potatoes temperature were recorded. The simplified refined instrument variable algorithm was used as a model parameter identification tool to obtain the best model order and parameters. By model compacting, several physically meaningful parameters were found to present the temperature distribution between the products and the airspace. A third order transfer function from the dynamic response of airspace from inlet air temperature with a high coefficient of determination R"T^2>0.9 and a low standard error (SE<0.01) explained the heat exchange in a system. Two physically meaningful parameters were found from the model parameters. A local volumetric fresh air concentration @b"1 was defined to the temperature distribution in the airspace, and a local 'cooling rate'@a"2 was presented for the product temperature distribution. The values of @b"1 and @a"2 existing in the model could be used to design a control system for real time monitoring and online adaptive control of three-dimensional temperature distribution in the process room. _la EN _kw Modelling _kw Temperature _kw Porous media _kw Storage process _pg 422-432 _mf [XML Cit] 0700547X _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005481 _ii S0260-8774(07)00548-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.017 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A rheological approach to the quantitative assessment of Traditional Balsamic Vinegar quality _au Falcone, P.M. _au Verzelloni, E. _au Tagliazucchi, D. _au Giudici, P. _ca Pasquale M. Falcone. Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, J.F. Kennedy, 17, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy _ab This work aimed at evaluating the ability of rheological measurements to describe the quality of Traditional Balsamic Vinegars (TBV) with respect to their composition and sugar crystallization. With this aim, shearing experiments were conducted on 100 samples of TBV using a controlled-strain rotational rheometer, whereas the concentration of glucose, fructose, acetic acid, gluconic acid, malic acid as well as refractive index and titrable acidity were determined according to the normal procedure for quality assessment of TBV. A broad range for the rheological response was observed including Newtonian and shear-thinning behavior. A Joining Tree Cluster Analysis (JTCA) was able to classify the investigated vinegars into meaningful classes based on the stress data alone. Moreover, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to link composition data to rheological properties, and finally, Multivariate Regression Analysis (MRA) evaluated the contribution of the main constituents to vinegar viscosity. The results suggested that rheological analysis must be carried out in order to spot some fundamental aspects of the vinegar texture, which cannot be detected otherwise. In particular, two rheological parameters were proposed as objective and quantitative descriptors of TBV quality: the shear viscosity measured at 500s^-^1 accounting for the vinegar composition, and the flow behavior index accounting for sugar crystallization. _la EN _kw Traditional Balsamic Vinegar _kw Sugars _kw Organic acids _kw Viscosity _pg 433-443 _mf [XML Cit] 07005481 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005493 _ii S0260-8774(07)00549-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.018 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Optimization of the jet steam instantizing process of commercial maltodextrins powders _au Takeiti, C.Y. _au Kieckbusch, T.G. _au Collares-Queiroz, F.P. _ca F.P. Collares-Queiroz. Food Technology Department, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6121, Zip Code 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil _ab Several food powders are submitted to agglomeration in order to enhance their appearance, flowability, and above all, their wettability. This work evaluates the wet agglomeration process of maltodextrins of different degrees of dextrose-equivalent, DE 5-20, following a sequential strategy of experimental designs in order to produce granules with low dissolution time. Initially, a 2^(^5^-^1^) fractional factorial design was carried out with the independent variables steam pressure (1.5-1.9bar), feed powder rate (1.6-2.0g/s), drying air temperature (100-120^oC), sucrose and glucose addition (0-10% w/w). The results indicate that an increase in the DE degree increases the number of significant independent variables (p=<0.05). The same levels used in the (2^5^-^1) fractional factorial design performed previously were adopted in a 2^3 central composite design that was composed of 11 experimental runs. The surface response analysis indicated that the region of interest for lower dissolution time was found with a steam pressure of 1.7bar, feed powder rate at 1.8g/s and two possible drying air temperature (93^oC or 127^oC). The dissolution times of the agglomerates were substantially lower than of the original powder. The different characteristics obtained for the agglomerated maltodextrins could be attributed to the influence of their molecular mass and, consequently, of the glass transition temperature. _la EN _kw Maltodextrin _kw Agglomeration _kw Response surface _kw Dissolution time _pg 444-452 _mf [XML Cit] 07005493 _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 0700550X _ii S0260-8774(07)00550-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.019 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A review on simultaneous determination of thermal diffusivity and heat transfer coefficient _au Erdogdu, F. _ca Ferruh Erdogdu. Department of Food Engineering (Gida Muh. Bol.), University of Mersin, Ciftlikkoy-Mersin 33343, Turkey _ab Mathematical simulation studies for thermal food processes require knowledge of thermal diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient. There have been different experimental and empirical approaches reported in the literature for determination of these parameters where different approximations were applied. One of the most applied approaches is to assume an infinite convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface boundary when analytical solutions for infinite slab, infinite cylinder and sphere are used for further determinations. Since this approach results in certain errors in results, it would be an important task to determine thermal diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient simultaneously. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the literature for determination of thermal diffusivity and mathematically apply optimization methodologies for simultaneous determination of heat transfer coefficient. For this purpose, constrained optimization methodologies, based on analytical solutions of infinite slab, infinite cylinder and sphere were defined, and results were discussed intensively. The results showed that a precise determination of thermal diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient is a difficult task, but knowing the location where the experimental time-temperature was obtained would really simplify this problem. _la EN _kw Convective heat transfer coefficient _kw Thermal diffusivity _kw Optimization _pg 453-459 _mf [XML Cit] 0700550X _t3 CXT0218A 02608774 00860003 07005134 _ii S0260-8774(07)00513-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.09.034 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Evaluation of lacquered tinplated cans containing octopus in brine by employing X-ray microanalysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy _au Pournaras, A.V. _au Prodromidis, M.I. _au Katsoulidis, A.P. _au Badeka, A.V. _au Georgantelis, D. _au Kontominas, M.G. _ca Michael G. Kontominas. Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece _ab Investigation of metal can discoloration, lacquer adhesion failure and side seam steel corrosion in tin plated cans containing cooked octopus in brine was evaluated with X-ray microanalysis (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effectiveness of EDS to analyze corrosion defects in metal food containers has been proven already in previous studies carried out in our laboratory. Complementary and/or alternative to sophisticated surface analysis methods, which require advanced and expensive instrumentation, simple and inexpensive quality tests based on EIS were also performed and results are discussed. Obvious alterations of the electrochemical properties of corroded and non-corroded samples (internal can walls and side seam) used as working electrodes in a common three-electrode compartment electrochemical cell can be used for rapid and simple evaluation of corrosion defects in tinplated food cans. _la EN _kw X-ray microanalysis _kw Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy _kw Discoloration _kw Can corrosion _pg 460-464 _mf [XML Cit] 07005134 _t1 CXT0218A 01694332 _jn Applied Surface Science _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. _t2 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 _vl 254 _is 6 _pr 1545-1880 _dt 20080115 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07009166 _ii S0169-4332(07)00916-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.090 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Morphology of sol-gel produced composite films for optical oxygen sensors _au Anastasova, S. _au Milanova, M. _au Kashchieva, E. _au Funakubo, H. _au Kamo, T. _au Grozev, N. _au Stefanov, P. _au Todorovsky, D. _ca D. Todorovsky. University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry, 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., Sofia 1164, Bulgaria _ab The results reported concern the characterization of thin layer SiO"2-based matrices with an oxygen sensing component Ru(II)-tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) immobilized, when a sol-gel process along with dip- and spin-coating deposition methods are used. SEM, TEM and AFM study, assisted by X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis reveals the influence of the precursors used, sol treatment and the coating conditions on the films morphology and Ru distribution in the matrices. Uniform and smooth surface is produced from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The presence of ormosils (methyltriethoxysilane, MtEOS and octyltriethoxysilane, OtEOS) significantly increases the surface roughness exhibited as dots on the SEM image. Their surface concentration and size depend on the number of immersions and withdrawal speed at the dip coating. Spin deposition leads to rather different morphology of the films, based on TEOS/OtEOS. Following commonly used sol preparation procedure (with 1.25-2.5gRu-complex/dm^3sol) microcrystallization of the complex occurs with formation of randomly distributed crystals 100-400nm in size. The ultrasound treatment of the sol by means of ultrasound disintegrator leads to homogeneous distribution of the complex without observable crystallization and significant improvement of the film sensing properties (increase of Stern-Volmer constant and better linearity of the Stern-Volmer plots both in gaseous and aqueous media). _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.37.Lp _kw [pacs] 68.37.Ps _kw [pacs] 68.55.-a _kw Thin films _kw Oxygen sensors _kw Morphology _kw Electron microscopy _kw Sol-gel method _kw Dip coating _kw Spin coating _kw Sonication _kw [pacs] 68.37.Hk _pg 1545-1558 _mf [XML Cit] 07009166 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07009191 _ii S0169-4332(07)00919-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.087 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effects of cutting depth on the surface microstructure of a Zn-Al alloy during ultra-precision machining _au To, S. _au Zhu, Y.H. _au Lee, W.B. _ca Y.H. Zhu. Advanced Manufacturing Technology Research Centre, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China _ab The microstructural changes and phase decomposition at the surface of an ultra-precision machined Zn-Al based alloy were studied using optical microscopy, back-scattered electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that with increasing DoC the phase decomposition was accelerated and further increasing DoC might cause a microstructural recovery on the surface of the UPM specimen. UPM induced phase decomposition was discussed in relation to the structural evolution of the chips. _la EN _kw Ultra-precision machining _kw Microstructure _kw Phase decomposition _kw Zn-Al alloy _pg 1559-1564 _mf [XML Cit] 07009191 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 0700918X _ii S0169-4332(07)00918-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.021 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Study on the orientation of silver films by ion-beam assisted deposition _au Feng, T. _au Jiang, B. _au Zhuo, S. _au Wang, X. _au Liu, X. _ca Tao Feng. Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China _ab Low energy ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) was employed to prepare Ag films on Mo/Si (100) substrate. It was found that Ag films deposited by sputtering method without ion beam bombardment were preferred (111) orientation. When the depositing film was simultaneously bombardment by Ar^+ beam perpendicular to the film surface at ion/atom arrival ratio of 0.18, the prepared films exhibited weak (111) and (200) mixed orientations. When the direction of Ar^+ beam was off-normal direction of the film surface, Ag films showed highly preferred (111) orientation. Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the sputtering yields of Ar^+ ions at various incident and azimuth angles. The effects of channeling and surface free energy on the crystallographic orientation of Ag films were discussed. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.55.Jk _kw [pacs] 81.15.Jj _kw Preferred orientation _kw Ion beam assisted deposition _kw Ag film _pg 1565-1568 _mf [XML Cit] 0700918X _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07009178 _ii S0169-4332(07)00917-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.092 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structural characterization of polycrystalline Ag-In-Se thin films deposited by e-beam technique _au Colakoglu, T. _au Parlak, M. _ca M. Parlak. Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey _ab The Ag-In-Se thin films were deposited by e-beam evaporation of the Ag"3In"5Se"9 single crystal powder under high vacuum without intentional doping. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) showed the decreasing behavior of Se and Ag in the structure depending on the annealing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that as-grown films have amorphous structure while annealing the films under nitrogen environment at 200@?^oC transformed from the amorphous to polycrystalline structure. The crystallinity of the films improved as annealing temperature increases up to 400@?^oC by 100@?^oC-step. The polycrystalline films show mixed binary and ternary crystalline phases. Each phase was determined by comparing XRD patterns with complete data cards as Ag"3In"5Se"9, AgInSe"2, In"4Se"3, In"2Se"3, InSe, Se"6 and Se. The existence of Se segregation was supported by the formation of Se aggregates in crystalline phases of Se"6 and Se. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis have been carried out in order to obtain detailed information about the atomic composition, chemical states and morphology of the thin film surface. The decomposition of In 4d, Se 3d and Ag 3d photoelectron peaks revealed the existence of In-In, In-Se, In-Ag, Se-Se and Ag-Ag bondings in as-grown thin films. After annealing the thin films at different temperatures, the concentration of In-Se and In-Ag bonds decreases significantly, which results in an In-rich, but Ag- and Se-deficient thin film structure. The roughness of the film surface as a result of application of post-annealing in between 200 and 400@?^oC monitored by AFM technique was observed to change from 1.81 to 22.89@?nm. _la EN _kw XRD _kw Silver indium selenide _kw Ternary compounds _kw Selenium segregation _kw XPS _kw AFM _pg 1569-1577 _mf [XML Cit] 07009178 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 0701029X _ii S0169-4332(07)01029-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.134 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The structural and optical properties of ZnO/Si thin films by RTA treatments _au Hu, S.Y. _au Lee, Y.C. _au Lee, J.W. _au Huang, J.C. _au Shen, J.L. _au Water, W. _ca S.Y. Hu. Department of Electrical Engineering and VLSI/CAD Center, Tung Fang Institute of Technology, Hunei Township, Kaohsiung County 82941, Taiwan _ab ZnO/Si thin films were prepared by rf magnetron sputtering method and some of the samples were treated by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process at different temperatures ranging from 400 to 800^oC. The effects of RTA treatment on the structural properties were studied by using X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy while optical properties were studied by the photoluminescence measurements. It is observed that the ZnO film annealed at 600^oC reveals the strongest UV emission intensity and narrowest full width at half maximum among the temperature ranges studied. The enhanced UV emission from the film annealed at 600^oC is attributed to the improved crystalline quality of ZnO film due to the effective relaxation of residual compressive stress and achieving maximum grain size. _la EN _kw [pacs] 61.72.Cc _kw [pacs] 68.55.Jk _kw [pacs] 78.55.-m _kw [pacs] 81.40.Ef _kw ZnO thin films _kw Rapid thermal annealing _kw Photoluminescence _pg 1578-1582 _mf [XML Cit] 0701029X _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010276 _ii S0169-4332(07)01027-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.067 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Ferroelectric properties of bilayer structured Pb(Zr"0"."5"2Ti"0"."4"8)O"3/SrBi"2Ta"2O"9 (PZT/SBT) thin films on Pt/TiO"2/SiO"2/Si substrates _au Zhang, W.Q. _au Li, A.D. _au Shao, Q.Y. _au Xia, Y.D. _au Wu, D. _au Liu, Z.G. _au Ming, N.B. _ca Ai-Dong Li. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China _ab Pb(Zr"0"."5"2Ti"0"."4"8)O"3 (PZT) thin films with large remanent polarization and SrBi"2Ta"2O"9 (SBT) thin films with excellent fatigue-resisting characteristic have been widely studied for non-volatile random access memories, respectively. To combine these two advantages", bilayered Pb(Zr"0"."5"2Ti"0"."4"8)O"3/SrBi"2Ta"2O"9 (PZT/SBT) thin films were fabricated on Pt/TiO"2/SiO"2/Si substrates by chemical solution deposition method. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the diffraction peaks of PZT/SBT thin films were completely composed of PZT and SBT, and no other secondary phase was observed. The electrical properties of the bilayered structure PZT/SBT films have been investigated in comparison with pure PZT and SBT films. PZT/SBT bilayered thin films showed larger remanent polarization (2P"r) of 18.37@mC/cm^2 than pure SBT and less polarization fatigue up to 1x10^9 switching cycles than pure PZT. These results indicated that this bilayered structure of PZT/SBT is a promising material combination for ferroelectric memory applications. _la EN _kw Pb(Zr"0"."5"2Ti"0"."4"8)O"3 (PZT) _kw SrBi"2Ta"2O"9 (SBT) _kw Chemical solution deposition (CSD) _kw Bilayered structure _pg 1583-1586 _mf [XML Cit] 07010276 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010288 _ii S0169-4332(07)01028-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.068 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Modification of Au surfaces using new ferrocene derivatives _au Diaz-Ortiz, T.L. _au Malave-Leon, M. _au Rivera-Claudio, M. _au Castillo-Ramirez, J. _au Cabrera-Martinez, C.R. _au Brito-Gomez, R. _au Tremont, R.J. _ca Rolando J. Tremont. Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, CUH Station, 100 Road 908, Humacao, PR 00791-4300, United States _ab Gold surfaces have been modified by self-assembled techniques. Here the adsorption time of diasteroisomers (1R, 3S)-1-ferrocenyl-3-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-dioxacyclopentane and (1S, 3S)-1-ferrocenyl-3-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-dioxacyclopentane (Scheme 1, 3a and 3b) at a Au surface in ethanol solution was controlled. This study was followed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The method used for the surface modification was the control of exposure time of a Au surface in the modifier/ethanol solution. It was demonstrated by EIS and XPS that the Au surface was modified with mixture of compounds 3a+3b, avoiding the electron transference in the interface. It was also observed that the organometallic molecule indeed had been adsorbed on the Au surface. In addition, evidence seems to conclude that the molecule-Au interaction is through the electrons of cyclopentadienyl moiety, where the oxygen atoms are near the air-molecule interface and the iron atom is near the Au surface. This type of interaction of the ferrocene derivatives with gold surfaces has not been reported by any other author. _la EN _kw Self-assembled monolayer _kw Diasteroisomers (1R, 3S)-1-ferrocenyl-3-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-dioxacyclopentane _kw (1S, 3S)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-methyl-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-dioxacyclopentane _kw Au _kw Ferrocene derivatives _kw EIS _kw XPS _pg 1587-1592 _mf [XML Cit] 07010288 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010264 _ii S0169-4332(07)01026-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.140 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Facile method to prepare lotus-leaf-like super-hydrophobic poly(vinyl chloride) film _au Yuan, Z. _au Chen, H. _au Zhang, J. _ca Zhiqing Yuan. State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China _ab A simple new approach was developed to obtain a super-hydrophobic PVC film from a natural lotus leaf using the nanocasting method. SEM shows that compared with a common smooth PVC film, a lotus-leaf-like surface structure was clearly observed on the super-hydrophobic PVC film. The water contact angle and rolling-off angle on the as-prepared lotus-leaf-like PVC film were 157+/-1.8^o and 3+/-0.6^o, respectively. The samples were kept at temperatures between 5 and 40^oC in the ambient atmosphere for 2 months, and no decrease in water contact angle was observed, nor was contamination observed. _la EN _kw Super-hydrophobic _kw Lotus leaf _kw Nanocasting _pg 1593-1598 _mf [XML Cit] 07010264 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010306 _ii S0169-4332(07)01030-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.082 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Ultraviolet emission properties of ZnO film with zinc deficiency by SS CVD _au Dai, L. _au Deng, H. _au Chen, G. _au Chen, J. _ca Hong Deng. State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China _ab A-b axis orientation ZnO film on silicon (100) substrate has been prepared by a single source chemical vapor deposition technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that the film was very close to stoichiometry but with a small amount of zinc deficiency. Temperature-dependent (10-300K) ultraviolet photoluminescence of the film was presented. Comparing the photon energy separation of the several groups in the near band edge ultraviolet luminescence bands, as well as the variation of the relative intensities and the shift of the luminescence lines at different temperatures, free-, bound-exciton and its assisted phonon emission were observed, which corresponded to the mechanism of the ultraviolet emission properties. A strong ultraviolet emission resulting from the recombination of free-exciton was observed at 300K photoluminescence spectrum examined in atmosphere environment. Contrasted to the relatively weak ultraviolet emission of the film in vacuum, atmosphere environment was found to be an important contribution to the strong ultraviolet emission of the film. _la EN _kw Ultraviolet photoluminescence _kw ZnO thin films _kw A-b axis orientation _kw SS CVD _pg 1599-1603 _mf [XML Cit] 07010306 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010318 _ii S0169-4332(07)01031-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.073 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Study of Al"2O"3/TiO"2 reflectivity enhancing bi-layer films on bright aluminium substrates _au Cecchetto, L. _au Millon, C. _au Riassetto, D. _au Langlet, M. _ca M. Langlet. LMGP, INPG-Minatec 3, Parvis Louis Neel, BP 257, 38016 Grenoble Cedex 1, France _ab Al"2O"3/TiO"2 bi-layer films on aluminium substrates have been obtained by combining anodising and TiO"2 sol-gel deposition. The reflectivity enhancing properties of these Al"2O"3/TiO"2 bi-layer films have been studied in relation to the refractive index and thickness of the Al"2O"3 and TiO"2 single-layers. It is shown that a significant improvement of reflectivity can be achieved by a proper optimisation of the bi-layer elaboration parameters. _la EN _kw Aluminium _kw Reflectivity _kw Al"2O"3 layers _kw TiO"2 layers _kw Anodising _kw Sol-gel process _pg 1604-1607 _mf [XML Cit] 07010318 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010549 _ii S0169-4332(07)01054-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.111 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Micro-Arc oxidation of Ti in a solution of sulfuric acid and Ti^+^3 salt _au Ragalevicius, R. _au Stalnionis, G. _au Niaura, G. _au Jagminas, A. _ca Arunas Jagminas. Institute of Chemistry, A. Gostauto 9, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania _ab A comparative study was performed on the behavior of titanium electrode in a sulfuric acid solution with and without Ti^+^3 during micro-arc oxidation under the constant current density control regime. The composition and microstructure of the obtained micro-arc films were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, glancing-angle X-ray diffractometry, Raman and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. We have shown that addition of a Ti^+^3 salt extends the region of current densities (j"a) can be used for micro-arc oxidation of Ti and results in an obvious change of sparking behavior from extensive, large and long-played sparks to numerous, small and short sparks. As a consequence, the titania films formed in the Ti^+^3-containing solutions are relatively thick, more uniform, composed of almost pure crystalline anatase and rutile phases of TiO"2, and contain a network of evenly distributed small pores. It has also been shown that these films are promising for applications in catalysis, sensors and optoelectronics. The Raman spectra indicate that an increase in the electrolysis time of titanium in the Ti^+^3-containing solution leads to the increase in rutile content, as expected. _la EN _kw [pacs] 86.68.+z _kw [pacs] 81.65.Hq _kw Micro-arc oxidation _kw Titania _kw Phase composition _pg 1608-1613 _mf [XML Cit] 07010549 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010616 _ii S0169-4332(07)01061-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.129 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The effect of nitrogen and oxygen plasma on the wear properties and adhesion strength of the diamond-like carbon film coated on PTFE _au Ozeki, K. _au Hirakuri, K.K. _ca K. Ozeki. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan _ab Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using a radiofrequency plasma chemical vapour deposition method. Prior to DLC coating, the PTFE substrates were modified with O"2 and N"2 plasma to enhance the adhesion strength of the DLC film to the substrate. The effect of the plasma pre-treatment on the chemical composition and the surface energy of the plasma pre-treated PTFE surface was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and static water contact angle measurement, respectively. A pull-out test and a ball-on-disc test were carried out to evaluate the adhesion strength and the wear properties of the DLC-coated PTFE. In the N"2 plasma pre-treatment, the XPS result indicated that defluorination and the nitrogen grafting occurred on the plasma pre-treated PTFE surface, and the water contact angle decreased with increasing the plasma pre-treatment time. In the O"2 plasma pre-treatment, no grafting of the oxygen occurred, and the water contact angle slightly increased with the treatment time. In the pull-out test, the adhesion strength of the DLC film to the PTFE substrate was improved with the plasma pre-treatment to the PTFE substrate, and N"2 plasma pre-treatment was more effective than the O"2 plasma pre-treatment. In the ball-on-disc test, the DLC film with the N"2 plasma pre-treatment showed good wear resistance, compared with that with O"2 plasma pre-treatment. _la EN _kw Wear property _kw Diamond-like carbon _kw PTFE _kw Chemical vapour deposition _kw Plasma _kw Adhesion _pg 1614-1621 _mf [XML Cit] 07010616 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 0701063X _ii S0169-4332(07)01063-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.173 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Topographic characterization of glazed surfaces _au Froberg, L. _au Hupa, L. _ca Linda Froberg. Process Chemistry Centre, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland _ab Detailed characterization of surface microstructure, i.e. phase composition and surface geometry, has become an important criterion of glazed ceramics. Topographic characterization is an important parameter in, e.g. estimating the influence of additional films on the average roughness of a surface. Also, the microscaled and nanoscaled roughnesses correlate with the cleanability and the self-cleaning properties of the surfaces. In this work the surface geometry of several matte glazes were described by topography and roughness as given by whitelight confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Different measuring parameters were compared to justify the usefulness of the techniques in giving a comprehensive description of the surface microstructure. The results suggest that confocal microscopy is well suited for giving reliable topographical parameters for matte surfaces with microscaled crystals in the surfaces. Atomic force microscopy was better suited for smooth surfaces or for describing the local topographic parameters of closely limited areas, e.g. the surroundings of separate crystals in the surface. _la EN _kw [pacs] 81.05.Je _kw [pacs] 81.05.Kf _kw Atomic force microscopy _kw Confocal microscopy _kw Glazes _kw Microstructure _kw Topography _kw Roughness _pg 1622-1629 _mf [XML Cit] 0701063X _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010665 _ii S0169-4332(07)01066-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.165 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO"2 nano-structured thin film with a silver hierarchical configuration _au Zheng, J. _au Yu, H. _au Li, X. _au Zhang, S. _ca Xinjun Li. Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China _ab TiO"2 sol-gels with various Ag/TiO"2 molar ratios from 0 to 0.9% were used to fabricate silver-modified nano-structured TiO"2 thin films using a layer-by-layer dip-coating (LLDC) technique. This technique allows obtaining TiO"2 nano-structured thin films with a silver hierarchical configuration. The coating of pure TiO"2 sol-gel and Ag-modified sol-gel was marked as T and A, respectively. According to the coating order and the nature of the TiO"2 sol-gel, four types of the TiO"2 thin films were constructed, and marked as AT (bottom layer was Ag modified, surface layer was pure TiO"2), TA (bottom layer was pure TiO"2, surface layer was Ag modified), TT (pure TiO"2 thin film) and AA (TiO"2 thin film was uniformly Ag modified). These thin films were characterized by means of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and transient photocurrent (I"p"h). LSV confirmed the existence of Ag^0 state in the TiO"2 thin film. SEM and XRD experiments indicated that the sizes of the TiO"2 nanoparticles of the resulting films were in the order of TT>AT>TA>AA, suggesting the gradient Ag distribution in the films. The SEM and XRD results also confirmed that Ag had an inhibition effect on the size growth of anatase nanoparticles. Photocatalytic activities of the resulting thin films were also evaluated in the photocatalytic degradation process of methyl orange. The preliminary results demonstrated the sequence of the photocatalytic activity of the resulting films was AT>TA>AA>TT. This suggested that the silver hierarchical configuration can be used to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO"2 thin film. _la EN _kw Photocatalysis _kw TiO"2 thin film _kw Ag loading _pg 1630-1635 _mf [XML Cit] 07010665 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010483 _ii S0169-4332(07)01048-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.135 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al"2O"3-Al composite coatings deposited by plasma spraying _au Yin, Z. _au Tao, S. _au Zhou, X. _au Ding, C. _ca Shunyan Tao. The Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China _ab Al"2O"3 and Al"2O"3-Al composite coatings were prepared by plasma spraying. Phase composition of powders and as-sprayed coatings was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the morphology of impacted droplets, polished and fractured surface, and the element distribution in terms of wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS). Mechanical properties including microhardness, adhesion and bending strength, fracture toughness and sliding wear rate were evaluated. The results indicated that the addition of Al into Al"2O"3 was beneficial to decrease the splashing of impinging droplets and to increase the deposition efficiency. The Al"2O"3-Al composite coating exhibited homogeneously dispersed pores and the co-sprayed Al particles were considered to be distributed in the splat boundary. Compared with Al"2O"3 coating, the composite coating showed slightly lower hardness, whereas the coexistence of metal Al phase and Al"2O"3 ceramic phase effectively improved the toughness, strength and wear resistance of coatings. _la EN _kw Plasma spraying _kw Al"2O"3-Al composite _kw Microstructure _kw Mechanical properties _pg 1636-1643 _mf [XML Cit] 07010483 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010525 _ii S0169-4332(07)01052-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.110 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface characterization of the Zn-Ni-Al"2O"3 nanocomposite coating fabricated under ultrasound condition _au Zheng, H.y. _au An, M.z. _au Lu, J.f. _ca Mao-zhong An. Department of Applied Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China _ab Zn-Ni-Al"2O"3 nanocomposite coating, which was fabricated by eletrodeposition technique with the aid of ultrasound, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results reveal that 7.2wt.% nano-alumina particles uniformly dispersed in the matrix of the composite coating. The XPS analyses demonstrate that the outermost layer of Zn-Ni-Al"2O"3 coating was composed of nano-alumina and Zn(OH)"2, while the transition layer between the outermost layer and the Zn-Ni matrix consisted of nano-alumina, metallic Zn, ZnO and metallic Ni. In order to investigate the influences of ultrasonic agitation and the incorporation of nano-alumina on the composition and surface structure of Zn-Ni matrix, the comparison studies of Zn-Ni-Al"2O"3 nanocomposite coating with Zn-Ni coatings fabricated with and without ultrasound were conducted. The results indicate that ultrasonic agitation resulted in a decrease of Ni content in the Zn-Ni matrix and an increase of the thickness of surface oxide layer; while the incorporation of nano-@a-Al"2O"3 increased the Ni content in the Zn-Ni matrix. _la EN _kw [pacs] 81.07.-b _kw XPS _kw Electrodeposition _kw Ultrasound _kw Zn-Ni _kw Alumina _kw Nanocomposite coating _pg 1644-1650 _mf [XML Cit] 07010525 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010677 _ii S0169-4332(07)01067-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.132 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Synthesis and characterization of pure and ZrO"2-doped nanocrystalline CuO-NiO system _au El-Shobaky, G.A. _au Radwan, N.R.E. _au El-Shall, M.S. _au Turky, A.M. _au Hassan, H.M.A. _ca G.A. El-Shobaky. National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt _ab The physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of pure and doped 0.25CuO-NiO solids prepared by sol-gel method were investigated. The dopant concentration was 2, 4 and 6mol% ZrO"2. The solids investigated were calcined at 400 and 600^oC. The techniques employed were XRD, EDX, TEM, surface excess oxygen, nitrogen adsorption at -196^oC and catalytic oxidation of CO by O"2 using both static and flow methods. The results revealed that the investigated system dissolved 4mol% ZrO"2 by heating at 400^oC. This process was accompanied by a significant increase in the S"B"E"T and V"p with subsequent decrease in the (r) values of the doped adsorbent. ZrO"2-doping of the system investigated followed by calcination at 400 and 600^oC led to a considerable increase in its catalytic activity in CO oxidation by O"2 using static and flow methods. The doping process was not accompanied by any change in the activation energy of the catalyzed reaction. _la EN _kw CuO-NiO system _kw Nanocrystalline solids _kw CO oxidation by O"2 _pg 1651-1660 _mf [XML Cit] 07010677 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010690 _ii S0169-4332(07)01069-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.146 _ty FLA _li EN _ti High mobility W-doped In"2O"3 thin films: Effect of growth temperature and oxygen pressure on structural, electrical and optical properties _au Gupta, R.K. _au Ghosh, K. _au Mishra, S.R. _au Kahol, P.K. _ca R.K. Gupta. Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA _ab Highly conducting and transparent thin films of tungsten (W)-doped indium oxide were obtained using pulsed laser deposition to study the effect of growth temperature and oxygen pressure on structural, optical and electrical properties. The transparency of the films is seen to largely depend on the growth temperature. The electrical properties, however, are found to depend strongly on both the growth temperature and the oxygen pressure. High mobility (up to 358cm^2V^-^1s^-^1), low resistivity (1.1x10^-^4@Wcm), and relatively high transmittance (~90%) tungsten-doped indium oxide films have been prepared at a growth temperature of 500^oC and an oxygen pressure of 1x10^-^6bar. _la EN _kw [pacs] 72.20 _kw [pacs] 78.66 _kw [pacs] 73.50J _kw [pacs] 61.16C _kw Semiconductor _kw Electrical properties _kw Thin films _kw Indium oxide _kw Tungsten _kw Optical materials and properties _pg 1661-1665 _mf [XML Cit] 07010690 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010550 _ii S0169-4332(07)01055-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.113 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Catalytic reduction of NO in the presence of benzene on a Pt(332) surface _au Hu, Y. _au Griffiths, K. _ca Keith Griffiths. Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Canada _ab The catalytic reduction of NO in the presence of benzene on the surface of Pt(332) has been studied using Fourier transform infra red reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FTIR-RAS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). IR spectra show that while the presence of benzene molecules at low coverage (e.g., following an exposure of just 0.25L) promotes NO-Pt interaction, the adsorption of NO on Pt(332) at higher benzene coverages is suppressed. It is also shown that there are no strong interactions between the adsorbed NO molecules and the benzene itself or benzene-derived hydrocarbons, which can lead to the formation of intermediate species that are essential for N"2 production. TDS results show that the adsorbed benzene molecules undergo dehydrogenation accompanied by hydrogen desorption starting at 300K and achieving a maximum at 394K. Subsequent dehydrogenation of the benzene-derived hydrocarbons then begins with hydrogen desorption starting at 500K. N"2 desorption from NO adlayers on clean Pt(332) surface becomes significant at temperatures higher than 400K, giving rise to a peak at 465K. This peak corresponds to N"2 desorption from NO dissociation on step sites. The presence of benzene promotes N"2 desorption, depending on the benzene coverage. When the benzene exposure is 0.25L, the N"2 desorption peak at 459K is dramatically increased. Increasing benzene coverage also results in the intensification of N"2 desorption at ~410K. At benzene exposures of 2.4L, N"2 desorption develops as a broad peak with a maximum at ~439K. It is concluded that the catalytic reduction of NO by platinum in the presence of benzene proceeds by NO decomposition and subsequent oxygen removal at temperatures lower than 500K, and NO dissociation is a rate-limiting step. The contribution of benzene to N"2 desorption is mainly attributed to providing a source of H, which quickly reacts with NO-derived atomic O, leaving the surface with more vacant sites for further NO dissociation. _la EN _kw NO _kw Platinum _kw Benzene _kw deNOx _kw Hydrocarbon _kw Selective catalytic reduction _pg 1666-1675 _mf [XML Cit] 07010550 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010641 _ii S0169-4332(07)01064-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.142 _ty FLA _li EN _ti AFM images of G"1-phase premature condensed chromosomes: Evidence for 30nm changed to 50nm chromatin fibers _au Fan, Y. _au Mao, R. _au Bai, J. _au Zhang, X. _au Lei, Q. _au Fu, S. _ca Songbin Fu. Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University; Harbin 150081, China _ab To gain evidence for 30nm changed to 50nm chromatin fibers, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the ultrastructural organization of G"1-phase premature condensed chromosomes (PCC). The surface of early G"1-phase PCC is smooth and fibrous structures exist around the chromatids. The height of early G"1-phase PCC is about 410nm and the width is 1.07+/-0.11@mm (n=30). At late G"1-phase, the surface becomes globular. The height of late G1-phase PCC is about 370nm and the width is 845.04+/-82.84nm (n=30). Phase image reveals that early G"1-phase PCC is composed of 50nm (48.91+/-6.63nm, n=30) chromatin fibers and these 50nm chromatin fibers tangle together, while late G"1-phase PCC is composed of 30nm (30.96+/-4.07nm, n=30) chromatin fibers. At high magnification, fibers existing around the chromatids become clear in early G"1-phase PCC. Chromatin fibers revealed by closer view of the end of chromatid are about 50nm. In late G"1-phase PCC, the surface presents globular structures. The shape of these globular structures is regular and the diameter is 118.96+/-11.70nm (n=30). Our results clearly show that 30nm chromatin fibers change to 50nm chromatin fibers in G"1-phase PCC and suggest that 50nm chromatin fibers are the basic component of the mitotic chromosomes. _la EN _kw Premature condensed chromosomes (PCC) _kw Atomic force microscopy (AFM) _kw 50nm Chromatin fibers _kw 30nm Chromatin fibers _pg 1676-1683 _mf [XML Cit] 07010641 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010501 _ii S0169-4332(07)01050-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.136 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Micro-patterns of Au@SiO"2 core-shell nanoparticles formed by electrostatic interactions _au Qi, Y. _au Chen, M. _au Liang, S. _au Yang, W. _au Zhao, J. _ca Miao Chen. State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubricate, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China _ab In this paper, silica-coated Au nanoparticles (Au@SiO"2) were prepared by the technique of vortex mixing. Subsequently, these monodisperse Au@SiO"2 nanoparticles were functionalized by the silane reagents 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTS) respectively. Then, these NH"2-terminated and SO"3^2^--terminated Au@SiO"2 nanoparticles were respectively assembled onto the substrates, which have been patterned with different self-assembly monolayers (SAMs), to form close-packed two-dimensional Au@SiO"2 nanoparticle arrays by electrostatic interactions. The morphologies and the optical properties of Au@SiO"2 nanoparticles with different silica-shell thicknesses were characterized by TEM and UV-vis. The compositions and zeta potentials of the functionalized Au@SiO"2 nanoparticles were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The morphologies of the patterns formed on different templates were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). _la EN _kw Core-shell _kw Au@SiO"2 nanoparticles _kw Surface functionalization _kw Electrostatic assembly _kw Micro-pattern _pg 1684-1690 _mf [XML Cit] 07010501 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010628 _ii S0169-4332(07)01062-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.130 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structural characterization of nickel-titanium film on silicon carbide _au Machac, P. _au Barda, B. _au Maixner, J. _ca Petr Machac. Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic _ab The presented work describes behavior of contact structures of Ni/Ti type on 6H-SiC n-type. The best contact resistivity obtained is 3.3x10^-^4@Wcm^2. The structure showed excellent thermal stability, it was stable after being tested for 10h at 900^oC. XRD analysis after annealing at 960^oC revealed orthorhombic Ni"2Si as the dominate phase. _la EN _kw Ohmic contact _kw Nickel _kw Titanium _kw XRD analysis _kw [pacs] 73.40.Cg _kw [pacs] 73.40.Ns _kw SiC _pg 1691-1693 _mf [XML Cit] 07010628 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010513 _ii S0169-4332(07)01051-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.109 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Spectroscopic ellipsometric characterization of TiAlN/TiAlON/Si"3N"4 tandem absorber for solar selective applications _au Biswas, A. _au Bhattacharyya, D. _au Barshilia, H.C. _au Selvakumar, N. _au Rajam, K.S. _ca A. Biswas. Spectroscopy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India _ab Sputter deposited TiAlN/TiAlON/Si"3N"4 tandem absorber has been characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the wavelength range of 450-1200nm. Each layer of the tandem absorber viz., TiAlN, TiAlON and Si"3N"4 has been deposited separately on copper substrate (Cu) and ellipsometric measurements have been carried out on each of these layers. The measured ellipsometric spectra were fitted with theoretically simulated spectra and the sample structure and wavelength dispersion of optical constants of each layers have been determined. The ellipsometric measurements have also been carried out on the three-layer tandem absorber deposited on Cu substrate. By analyzing the ellipsometric data, depth profiling of the tandem absorber has been carried out using the derived optical constants of the individual layers. _la EN _kw Solar selective coating _kw Ellipsometry _pg 1694-1699 _mf [XML Cit] 07010513 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010653 _ii S0169-4332(07)01065-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.131 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Preparation of carbon nanosheets deposited on carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method _au Zeng, L. _au Lei, D. _au Wang, W. _au Liang, J. _au Wang, Z. _au Yao, N. _au Zhang, B. _ca Weibiao Wang. Key Laboratory of Excited State Processes, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China _ab Carbon nanosheets were synthesized by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method on carbon nanotubes substrate which was treated by hydrogen plasma. The results showed that the diameters of carbon nanotubes first got thick and then ''petal-like'' carbon nanosheets were grown on the outer wall of carbon nanotubes. The diameters of carbon nanotubes without and with carbon nanosheets were 100-150 and 300-500nm, respectively. Raman spectrum indicated the graphite structure of carbon nanotubes/carbon nanosheets. The hydrogen plasma treatment and reaction time greatly affected the growth and density of carbon nanosheets. Based on above results, carbon nanosheets/carbon nanotubes probably have important applications as cold cathode materials and electrode materials. _la EN _kw Carbon nanotubes _kw Carbon nanosheets _kw Chemical vapor deposition _pg 1700-1704 _mf [XML Cit] 07010653 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010562 _ii S0169-4332(07)01056-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.114 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The synthesis and kinetic growth of anisotropic silver particles loaded on TiO"2 surface by photoelectrochemical reduction method _au He, X. _au Zhao, X. _au Liu, B. _ca Xiujian Zhao. Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials Science and Engineering (Wuhan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, 122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China _ab Silver nanorods with average diameters of 120-230nm and aspect ratio of 1.7-5.0 were deposited on the surface of TiO"2 films by photoelectrochemical reduction of Ag^+ to Ag under UV light. The composite films prepared on soda-lime glass substrates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the TiO"2 film after UV irradiation in AgNO"3 solution is composed of anatase phase TiO"2 and metallic silver with face centered cubic structure. Other compounds cannot be found in the final films. The maximum deposition content of silver particles on the surface of TiO"2 film was obtained with the AgNO"3 concentration of 0.1M. The kinetic growth rates of silver particles can be controlled by photocatalytic activity of TiO"2 films. The studies suggest that the growth rates of silver particles increase with the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of TiO"2 films. The maximum growth rate of silver particles loaded on TiO"2 films can be up to 0.353nmmin^-^1 among samples 1#, 2# and 3#, while the corresponding apparent rate constant of TiO"2 is 1.751x10^-^3min^-^1. _la EN _kw Photoelectrochemical reduction _kw Photocatalytic activity _kw Anisotropic silver particles _kw Ag-TiO"2 composite films _pg 1705-1709 _mf [XML Cit] 07010562 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010574 _ii S0169-4332(07)01057-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.138 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface nano/micro functionalization of PMMA thin films by 157nm irradiation for sensing applications _au Sarantopoulou, E. _au Kollia, Z. _au Cefalas, A.C. _au Manoli, K. _au Sanopoulou, M. _au Goustouridis, D. _au Chatzandroulis, S. _au Raptis, I. _ca E. Sarantopoulou. Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece _ab Laser irradiation at 157nm of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin films induces major variations of polymer film thicknesses from sorption (absorption/desorption) of methanol and ethanol analytes in the gas phase as much as 400%, in comparison to the film thickness variation of the non-irradiated areas. The structural changes of irradiated areas involve scission of polymeric chains, cross-linking and formation of new bonds. In addition, 157nm induces surface and volume morphological changes in the nano/micro domain, with different shapes, depending on the irradiation conditions. The reversibility of the sorption processes suggests that the polymer swelling has its origin at the tendency of the system to increase its volume during sorption. The internal forces from sorption are higher than the weak dipole interactions between the polymer and the analytes and they are amplified following 157nm irradiation. A simple qualitative model explains adequately the experimental results. 157nm laser treatment forms the basis to engineer a novel class of polymer sensor arrays with enhanced detection efficiency of liquid/gas analytes. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.47.Mn _kw [pacs] 81.65.-b _kw [pacs] 61.80.Ba _kw [pacs] 07.07.Df _kw PMMA _kw Swelling _kw VUV polymer surface treatment _kw Polymer sensor _kw Sorption _kw Surface modification _kw Hydrophobic _pg 1710-1719 _mf [XML Cit] 07010574 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010689 _ii S0169-4332(07)01068-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.133 _ty FLA _li EN _ti HREELS study of the adsorption and evolution of diethylamine (DEA) on Si(100) surfaces _au Yeninas, S. _au Brickman, A. _au Craig, J.H. _au Lozano, J. _ca J. Lozano. Department of Physics, Bradley University, 1501 Bradley Avenue, Peoria, IL 61625, United States _ab The adsorption of diethylamine (DEA) on Si(100) at 100K was investigated using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and electron stimulated desorption (ESD). The thermal evolution of DEA on Si(100) was studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Our results demonstrate DEA bonds datively to the Si(100) surface with no dissociation at 100K. Thermal desorption of DEA takes place via a @b-hydride elimination process leaving virtually no carbon behind. Electronic processing of DEA/Si(100) at 100K results in desorption of ethyl groups; however, carbon and nitrogen are deposited on the surface as a result of electron irradiation. Thermal removal of carbon and nitrogen was not possible, indicating the formation of silicon carbide and silicon nitride. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.47.Fg _kw [pacs] 68.43.Rs _kw [pacs] 79.20.La _kw [pacs] 68.43.Pq _kw Diethylamine _kw ESD _kw HREELS _kw TPD _kw Si(100) _kw Adsorption _pg 1720-1724 _mf [XML Cit] 07010689 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010586 _ii S0169-4332(07)01058-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.123 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Investigation of monolayer dispersion of MoO"3 supported on titanate nanotubes _au Wang, W. _au Zhang, J. _au Huang, H. _au Wu, Z. _au Zhang, Z. _ca Jingwei Zhang. Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China _ab The monolayer dispersion of MoO"3 supported on the surface of titanate nanotubes (TNT) were prepared by heating mechanical mixture of molybdate (HMA) and TNT. The result shows that MoO"3 can disperse spontaneously onto the surface of TNT, and the dispersion capacity is ca. 27mgMoO"3/g TNT by X-ray diffraction (XRD). On the basis of thermogravimetric (TG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was found that the HMA as precursor could not decompose completely into MoO"3 crystal on the surface of TNT around the threshold above decomposed temperature due to the strong interaction between HMA and the surface of TNT. _la EN _kw Monolayer dispersion _kw Titanate nanotube _kw MoO"3 _kw XPS _pg 1725-1729 _mf [XML Cit] 07010586 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010598 _ii S0169-4332(07)01059-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.127 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Structure, morphology and optical properties of SiO"2"-"x thin films prepared by plasma-assisted pulsed laser deposition _au He, X. _au Wu, J. _au Wu, L. _au Zhao, L. _au Gao, X. _au Li, X. _ca Xiaomin Li. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China _ab The amorphous silicon oxide SiO"2"-"x thin films were prepared by the plasma-assisted pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-VIS-NIR scanning spectrophotometry and ellipsometry were used to characterize the crystallinity, microscopic morphology and optical properties of obtained thin films. The influences of substrate temperatures, oxygen partial pressures and oxygen plasma assistance on the compositions of silicon oxide (SiO"2"-"x) thin films were investigated. Results show that the deposited thin films are amorphous and have high surface quality. Stoichiometric silicon dioxide (SiO"2) thin film can be obtained at elevated temperature of 200^oC in an oxygen plasma-assisted atmosphere. Using normal incidence transmittance, a novel and simple method has been proposed to evaluate the value of x in transparent SiO"2"-"x thin films on a non-absorbing flat substrate. _la EN _kw Pulsed laser deposition _kw Plasma assistance _kw Silicon oxide _kw Thin films _kw Optical properties _pg 1730-1735 _mf [XML Cit] 07010598 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010604 _ii S0169-4332(07)01060-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.128 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A silane pre-treatment for improving corrosion resistance performances of emeraldine base-coated aluminium samples in neutral environment _au Cecchetto, L. _au Denoyelle, A. _au Delabouglise, D. _au Petit, J.P. _ca Alain Denoyelle. Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physicochimie des Materiaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5631 CNRS-INP Grenoble-UJF, ENSEEG, BP75, 38402 Saint. Martin d'Heres, France _ab An aluminium-magnesium alloy AA5182 substrate pre-treated with a 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APS)-based solution and coated with emeraldine base (EB) showed improved corrosion resistance to neutral salt spray test, compared to samples pre-treated with phosphoric acid-based solutions prior to the EB coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) characterisations of samples pre-treated with APS showed the presence of an uneven silane coating on the aluminium surface according to the surface microstructure. The potentiodynamic study performed on the EB-coated samples showed a noticeable reduction of corrosion current of coupons pre-treated with APS, while no relevant difference in corrosion behaviour was observed between APS and phosphoric acid pre-treated samples prior to the EB coating. The coupling activity of APS between the AA5182 surface and EB coating at the most sensitive corrosion sites could be responsible of an improved adhesion of the EB coating at these points and could explain the observed improved corrosion resistance. _la EN _kw [pacs] 81.65.Kn _kw Corrosion protection _kw Aluminium _kw Polyaniline _kw Silane _kw Adhesion _pg 1736-1743 _mf [XML Cit] 07010604 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010537 _ii S0169-4332(07)01053-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.139 _ty FLA _li EN _ti On the use of response surface methodology to predict and interpret the preferred c-axis orientation of sputtered AlN thin films _au Adamczyk, J. _au Horny, N. _au Tricoteaux, A. _au Jouan, P.Y. _au Zadam, M. _ca P.-Y. Jouan. IUT de Valenciennes, Departement Mesures Physiques, UVHC, Z.I. du Champ de l'Abbesse, 59600 Maubeuge, France _ab This paper deals with experimental design applied to response surface methodology (RSM) in order to determine the influence of the discharge conditions on preferred c-axis orientation of sputtered AlN thin films. The thin films have been deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering on Si (100) substrates. The preferred orientation was evaluated using a conventional Bragg-Brentano X-ray diffractometer (@q-2@q) with the CuK@a radiation. We have first determined the experimental domain for 3 parameters: sputtering pressure (2-6mTorr), discharge current (312-438mA) and nitrogen percentage (17-33%). For the setup of the experimental design we have used a three factors Doehlert matrix which allows the use of the statistical response surface methodology (RSM) in a spherical domain. A four dimensional surface response, which represents the (0002) peak height as a function of sputtering pressure, discharge current and nitrogen percentage, was obtained. It has been found that the main interaction affecting the preferential c-axis orientation was the pressure-nitrogen percentage interaction. It has been proved that a Box-Cox transformation is a very useful method to interpret and discuss the experimental results and leads to predictions in good agreement with experiments. _la EN _kw Aluminium nitride _kw Reactive DC sputtering _kw Response surface methodology _kw X-ray diffraction _pg 1744-1750 _mf [XML Cit] 07010537 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010720 _ii S0169-4332(07)01072-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.137 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Enhancing the properties of wood through chemical modification with palmitoyl chloride _au Prakash, G.K. _au Mahadevan, K.M. _ca Gowdra K. Prakash. Department of PG Studies and Research in Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577 451, Karnataka, India _ab Hevea brassiliensis (rubber wood) was esterified with palmitoyl chloride, prepared from the reaction of palmitic acid with thionyl chloride. The weight gain of the wood increased with increasing reaction time and temperature, the esterified wood were evaluated for their photostability and dimensional stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning ^1^3C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS ^1^3C NMR) were used to elucidate the characteristics of wood after esterification. The dimensional stability and photostability of the wood was improved by esterification. This is an important observation since chemical modification of wood with fatty acid chlorides has been found to induce thermo-plasticity into wood. _la EN _kw Hevea brassiliensis _kw Palmitoyl chloride _kw FTIR _kw ^1^3C NMR _kw Chemical modification _kw Dimensional stability _kw Photodegradation _kw Wood _pg 1751-1756 _mf [XML Cit] 07010720 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010732 _ii S0169-4332(07)01073-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.174 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Effects of microwave plasma treatment on the field emission properties of printed carbon nanotubes/Ag nano-particles films _au Qin, Y. _au Hu, M. _ca Yuxiang Qin. School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, PR China _ab The effects of Ar microwave plasma treatment on field emission properties of the printed carbon nanotubes (CNTs) cathode films using Ag nano-particles as binder were investigated. The field emission J-E characteristics were measured at varied plasma treatment time. Significant improvement in emission current density, emission stability and uniformity were achieved for the Ar treated CNTs films, even though the plasma treatment increased the turn on electric field slightly. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy revealed the microstructural changes of CNTs after the plasma treatment. The improved field emission properties of CNTs film can be attributed to the generation of a high density of structural defects after treatment, which increased greatly the possible emission active sites. Besides, the formation of the sharpened and open-ended CNTs tips is all helpful for improving the field emission properties of the treated CNTs. _la EN _kw [jel] 79.70.+q _kw [jel] 73.63.Fg _kw [jel] 52.77.Bn _kw Carbon nanotubes _kw Field emission _kw Plasma treatment _kw Ag nano-particles _pg 1757-1762 _mf [XML Cit] 07010732 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010744 _ii S0169-4332(07)01074-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.141 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Enrichment of poly(methyl methacrylate) and its graft copolymer of polybutadiene on the surface of polypropylene blends _au Chen, H.J. _au Shi, X.H. _au Zhu, Y.F. _au Zhang, Y. _au Xu, J.R. _ca Jia Rui Xu. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functionality Materials of Education, Materials Science Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275,China _ab Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its graft copolymer of polybutadiene were used as the macromolecular surface modifiers of polypropylene. The enrichment and diffusion of the modifiers onto the surface of polypropylene blends were investigated using FTIR-ATR, CDA and SEM. It has been found that the selective aggregation of the modifier component on the surface of polypropylene was mainly affected by the content, molecular weight and size of the segregated domains. Lower content and higher surface energy die were in favor of the enrichment of the additive. PMMA with higher molecular weight showed larger domain phase and lower diffusion velocity which resulted in less enrichment on the surface of PP blends. _la EN _kw Polypropylene _kw Poly(methyl methacrylate) _kw Surface enrichment _kw Selective aggregation _kw Polybutadiene graft copolymer _pg 1763-1770 _mf [XML Cit] 07010744 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010756 _ii S0169-4332(07)01075-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.145 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Low temperature deposition of TiO"2 thin films on polyvinyl alcohol fibers with photocatalytical and antibacterial activities _au Liuxue, Z. _au Xiulian, W. _au Peng, L. _au Zhixing, S. _ca Zhang Liuxue. College of Materials and Chemical Engineer, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China _ab Fine particles of photoactive anatase-type TiO"2 coated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers (TiO"2/PVA) were prepared successfully via a simple dip-coating method. Tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT) was hydrolyzed in presence of hydrolysis control agent tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA)OH and the TiO"2 fine particles were crystallized under microwave (MW) irradiation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses indicated that the fine particles obtained with MW irradiation have much higher crystallinity with a single phase anatase compared with the non-MW-treated solution. The continuous layers of titania were found on PVA fibers by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The fibers with anatase coatings showed high photocatalytic property on the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and high antibacterial activity. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.37.-d _kw [pacs] 78.66.-w _kw Microwave irradiation _kw Nanocrystalline titania _kw Thin film _kw PVA fibers _kw Antibacterial activity _kw Photocatalytical activity _pg 1771-1774 _mf [XML Cit] 07010756 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010768 _ii S0169-4332(07)01076-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.144 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Chemical treatment of TiO"2-based coatings formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation in electrolyte containing nano-HA, calcium salts and phosphates for biomedical applications _au Wei, D. _au Zhou, Y. _au Jia, D. _au Wang, Y. _ca Daqing Wei. Institute for Advanced Ceramics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China _ab TiO"2-based coatings were formed on titanium alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in an electrolyte containing nano-HA, calcium salts and phosphates. Bioactive surface was formed after chemical treatment (NaOH aqueous solution) of the PEO coating. The surface of the PEO coating was mainly composed of Ti, O, Ca and P showing anatase and rutile; while that of the chemically treated PEO (CT-PEO) coating mainly contains Ti, O, Ca and Na showing anatase, rutile and amorphous phase. And the chemically treated surface exhibits dissolution of P and introduction of Na during the chemical treatment process. The chemical treatment has no effect on the chemical states of Ca and Ti of the PEO coating. In addition, the surface constituents of the CT-PEO coating show a uniform distribution near its surface with increasing depth. When incubated in a simulated body fluid for 7 and 14 days, the PEO coating does not exhibit apatite-forming ability; however, apatite was successfully deposited on the CT-PEO coating after 7 days probably due to the formation of hydroxyl functionalized surface, enhancing the heterogeneous nucleation of apatite. The addition of nano-HA in the electrolyte has effects on the surface character and apatite-forming ability of the PEO coating; however, it has no obvious influence on those of the CT-PEO coatings. _la EN _kw Coating _kw Titania _kw Titanium alloy _kw Plasma electrolytic oxidation _kw Chemical treatment _pg 1775-1782 _mf [XML Cit] 07010768 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010793 _ii S0169-4332(07)01079-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.143 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Characterization of LaF"3 coatings prepared at different temperatures and rates _au Yu, H. _au Shen, Y. _au Cui, Y. _au Qi, H. _au Shao, J. _au Fan, Z. _ca Hua Yu. Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China _ab LaF"3 thin films were prepared by thermal boat evaporation at different substrate temperatures and various deposition rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Lambda 900 spectrophotometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to study crystal structure, transmittance and chemical composition of the coatings, respectively. Laser-induce damage threshold (LIDT) was determined by a tripled Nd:YAG laser system with a pulse width of 8ns. It is found that the crystal structure became more perfect and the refractive index increased gradually with the temperature rising. The LIDT was comparatively high at high temperature. In the other hand, the crystallization status also became better and the refractive index increased when the deposition rate enhanced at a low level. If the rate was super rapid, the crystallization worsened instead and the refractive index would lessen greatly. On the whole, the LIDT decreased with increasing rate. _la EN _kw [pacs] 68.37.Yz _kw [pacs] 78.20.Ci _kw [pacs] 79.20.Ds _kw LaF"3 film _kw Substrate temperature _kw Deposition rate _kw LIDT _pg 1783-1788 _mf [XML Cit] 07010793 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010781 _ii S0169-4332(07)01078-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.170 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Interfacial modification of silica surfaces through @c-isocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane-amine coupling reactions _au Vogel, B.M. _au DeLongchamp, D.M. _au Mahoney, C.M. _au Lucas, L.A. _au Fischer, D.A. _au Lin, E.K. _ca Brandon M. Vogel. Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards of Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States _ab The development of robust, cost-effective methods to modify surfaces and interfaces without the specialized synthesis of unique coupling agents could provide readily accessible routes to optimize and tailor interfacial properties. We demonstrate that @c-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (ISO) provides a convenient route to functionalize silica surfaces through coupling reactions with readily available reagents. ISO coupling agents layers (CALs) can be prepared from toluene with triethylamine (TEA), but the coupling reaction of an amine to the ISO CAL does not proceed. We use near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and sessile drop contact angle to demonstrate the isocyanate layer is not degraded under coupling conditions. Access to silanes with chemical functionality is possible with ISO by performing the coupling reaction in solution and then depositing the product onto the surface. Two model CAL surfaces are prepared to demonstrate the ease and robust nature of this procedure. The surfaces prepared using this method are the ISO reacted with octadecylamine to produce a hydrocarbon surface of similar quality to octadecyl trichlorosilane (OTS) CALs and with 9-aminofluorene (AFL), an aromatic amine functionality whose silane is otherwise unavailable commercially. _la EN _kw Surface modification _kw Isocyanate _kw Silane _kw Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy _kw Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry _pg 1789-1796 _mf [XML Cit] 07010781 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 0701077X _ii S0169-4332(07)01077-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.171 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Sliding behavior of water droplets on line-patterned hydrophobic surfaces _au Suzuki, S. _au Nakajima, A. _au Tanaka, K. _au Sakai, M. _au Hashimoto, A. _au Yoshida, N. _au Kameshima, Y. _au Okada, K. _ca Akira Nakajima. Department of Metallurgy and Ceramic Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan _ab We prepared line-patterned hydrophobic surfaces using fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS) then investigated the effect of line direction on sliding behavior of water droplets by direct observation of the actual droplet motion during sliding. Water droplets slide down with a periodic large deformation of the contact line and sliding velocity fluctuation that occurred when they crossed over the 500-@mm ODS line regions in FAS regions on a Si surface tilted at 35^o. These behaviors are less marked for motion on a 100-@mm line surface, or on lines oriented parallel to the slope direction. Smaller droplets slide down with greater displacement in the line direction on 500-@mm line patterning when the lines were rotated at 13^o in-plane for the slope direction. This sliding behavior depended on the droplet size and rotation angle, and is accountable by the balance between gravitational and retentive forces. _la EN _kw Hydrophobicity _kw [pacs] Surface patterning _kw [pacs] 81.65.Cf _kw Coatings _kw [pacs] In liquid-solid interfaces _kw [pacs] 68.08.Bc _kw [pacs] Photolithography _kw [pacs] 85.40.Hp _kw Wetting _kw Silane _pg 1797-1805 _mf [XML Cit] 0701077X _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010872 _ii S0169-4332(07)01087-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.187 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Composition and corrosion resistance of cerium conversion films on the AZ31 magnesium alloy and its relation to the salt anion _au Montemor, M.F. _au Simoes, A.M. _au Ferreira, M.G.S. _au Carmezim, M.J. _ca M.F. Montemor. ICEMS-DEQB, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal _ab Pre-treatments based on different cerium salts were applied to the AZ31 Mg alloy. The pre-treatments were performed by immersion in solutions of various Ce(III) salts: cerium chloride, cerium nitrate, cerium sulphate and cerium phosphate. The chemical composition of the treated surfaces was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy, whereas the corrosion behaviour of the pre-treated AZ31 substrates was investigated in 0.005M NaCl solutions using potentiodynamic polarisation and open circuit potential monitoring. The surface film contained a mixture of Ce(IV) and Ce(III) salts. The film thickness depends upon the cerium salt used. The electrochemical results show that all the conversion pre-treatments reduced the corrosion activity of the AZ31 Mg alloy substrates in the presence of chloride ions. The corrosion protection efficiency is related with the anion present in the cerium salt. _la EN _kw Magnesium _kw Cerium _kw XPS _kw AES _kw Corrosion _pg 1806-1814 _mf [XML Cit] 07010872 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010884 _ii S0169-4332(07)01088-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.152 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Long-distance oxygen plasma sterilization: Effects and mechanisms _au Liu, H. _au Chen, J. _au Yang, L. _au Zhou, Y. _ca Jierong Chen. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China _ab The distribution of electrons, ions and oxygen radicals in long-distance oxygen plasma and the germicidal effect (GE) of Escherichia coli on the surface of medical poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film were studied. The quantity of protein leakage and the production of lipid peroxide in bacterial suspension as well as the state of DNA were measured after sterilization to analyse the inactivation mechanisms. The results showed that the concentration of electrons and ions decreased rapidly with increasing the distance from the center of induction coil, which approximated to 0 at 30cm, whereas the concentration of oxygen radicals reduced slowly, i.e. decreased 30% within 40cm. GE value reached 3.42 in the active discharge zone (0cm) and exceeded 3.32 within 40cm when plasma treatment parameters were set as follows: plasma rf power at 100W, treatment time at 60s and oxygen flux at 40cm^3/min. Fast etching action on cell membrane by electrons, ions and attacking polyunsaturation fatty acid (PUFA) in cell membrane by oxygen radicals are primary reasons of oxygen plasma sterilization in the active discharge and the afterglow zone, respectively. The GE of UV radiation in long-distance oxygen plasma is feebleness. _la EN _kw [pacs] 52.77. -j _kw Remote oxygen plasma _kw Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) _kw Escherichia coli _kw Sterilization _pg 1815-1821 _mf [XML Cit] 07010884 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 0701080X _ii S0169-4332(07)01080-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.160 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Optical channel waveguides with trapezoidal-shaped cross sections in KTiOPO"4 crystal fabricated by ion implantation _au Chen, F. _au Tan, Y. _au Wang, L. _au Hou, D.C. _au Lu, Q.M. _ca Feng Chen. School of Physics and Microelectronics, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, Shandong, China _ab Optical channel waveguides were fabricated in KTiOPO"4 crystal by He^+-ion implantation using photoresist masks with wedged-shaped cross sections. Semi-closed barrier walls with reduced refractive indices inside the crystal constructed the enclosed regions to be channel waveguides with trapezoidal-shaped cross sections. The m-line as well as end-fire coupling arrangements were performed to characterize the waveguides with light at wavelength of 632.8nm. The propagation loss of the channel waveguides was determined to be as low as ~2dB/cm after simple post-irradiation thermal annealing treatment in air. _la EN _kw [pacs] 42.82.Et _kw [pacs] 85.40.Ry _kw [pacs] 42.70.Mp _kw Channel waveguides _kw Ion implantation _kw KTiOPO"4 crystal _pg 1822-1824 _mf [XML Cit] 0701080X _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07010896 _ii S0169-4332(07)01089-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.154 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene plastic with CuPc modified TiO"2 photocatalyst under solar light irradiation _au Zhao, X. _au Li, Z. _au Chen, Y. _au Shi, L. _au Zhu, Y. _ca Yongfa Zhu. Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China _ab Solid-phase photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene (PE) plastic, one of the most common commercial plastic, over copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) modified TiO"2 (TiO"2/CuPc) photocatalyst was investigated in the ambient air under solar light irradiation. Higher PE weight loss rate, greater texture change; more amount of generated CO"2, which is the main product of the photocatalytic degradation of the composite PEC plastic can be achieved in the system of PE-(TiO"2/CuPc) in comparison with PE-TiO"2 system. The CuPc promoted charge separation of TiO"2 and enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of PE based on the analysis of surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). During the photodegradation of PE plastic, the reactive oxygen species generated on TiO"2 or TiO"2/CuPc particle surfaces play important roles. The present study demonstrates that the combination of polymer plastic with TiO"2/CuPc composite photocatalyst in the form of thin film is a practical and useful way to photodegrade plastic contaminants under solar light irradiation. _la EN _kw Photocatalytic degradation _kw Polyethylene _kw Plastic _kw CuPc _kw TiO"2 _pg 1825-1829 _mf [XML Cit] 07010896 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011105 _ii S0169-4332(07)01110-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.164 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electron beam treatments of electrophoretic ceramic coatings _au De Riccardis, M.F. _au Carbone, D. _au Piscopiello, E. _au Antisari, M.V. _ca M.F. De Riccardis. ENEA-C.R. Brindisi, S.S. 7 APPIA, Km. 712-72100 Brindisi, Italy _ab In this work a method to densify ceramic coating obtained by electrophoresis and to improve its adhesion to the substrate is proposed. It consists in irradiating the coating surface by electron beam (EB). Alumina and alumina-zirconia coatings were deposited on stainless steel substrates and treated by low power EB. SEM, XRD and TEM characterizations demonstrated that the sintering occurred. Moreover, it is shown that on alumina-zirconia coating the EB irradiation produced a composite material consisting principally of tetragonal zirconia particles immersed in an amorphous alumina matrix. The adhesion stress of EB treated coating was estimated by stud pull test and it was found to be comparable to that of plasma-sprayed coatings. _la EN _kw [pacs] 81.05.Je _kw [pacs] 81.40.-z _kw Alumina _kw Zirconia _kw EPD _kw Electron beam _kw Microstructure _kw Adhesion stress _pg 1830-1836 _mf [XML Cit] 07011105 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011117 _ii S0169-4332(07)01111-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.166 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface analysis of thermally annealed porous silicon _au Banerjee, M. _au Bontempi, E. _au Tyagi, A.K. _au Basu, S. _au Saha, H. _ca M. Banerjee. IC Design & Fabrication Centre, Department of Electronics & Tele-communication Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India _ab Quasi-monocrystalline porous silicon (QMPS) has high potential for photovoltaic application for its enhanced optical absorption compared to bulk silicon in the visible range of solar spectrum. In this study, QMPS was formed from low porosity (~20-30%) porous silicon (PS) produced by electrochemical anodization, and thermal annealing in the temperature range 1050-1100^oC under pure hydrogen ambient for a duration of 30min. We analyzed the material surface by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) study. The crystallinity was confirmed by GIXRD while FESEM studies revealed that the surface layer is pore free with voids embedded inside the body. AFM studies indicated relatively smooth and uniform surface and the dynamic SIMS study showed the depth profiles of impurities present in the material. _la EN _kw Surface analysis _kw Porous silicon _kw Thermal annealing _pg 1837-1841 _mf [XML Cit] 07011117 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011087 _ii S0169-4332(07)01108-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.162 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Modification of H-terminated Ge surface in hydrochloric acid _au Park, K. _au Lee, Y. _au Lim, S. _ca Sangwoo Lim. Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea _ab Various amounts of H-termination on a Ge surface were prepared by dipping a Ge wafer in differentially diluted hydrofluoric acid solutions for different periods of time. Formation of Ge?H"x in hydrofluoric acid and its disappearance in hydrochloric acid (HCl) were directly measured by using multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MIR FT-IR). Peak intensity of Ge?H"x vibration mode was increased with diluted hydrofluoric acid (DHF) treatment time and the concentration of HF solution. Therefore, it is suggested that microroughness of a Ge surface changes depending on the concentration of HF. Peak intensity of Ge?H"x vibration mode was reduced when the Ge?H"x surface was treated in HCl solution. With an increase in HCl treatment time, peak intensity of Ge?H"x vibration mode was reduced. Ge surfaces treated in a more diluted HF solution were barely modified, because it was thought to have fewer kink sites, dihydrides and trihydrides. _la EN _kw [pacs] 33.20.Ea _kw Germanium _kw Surface termination _kw Surface roughness _kw FT-IR _pg 1842-1846 _mf [XML Cit] 07011087 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011075 _ii S0169-4332(07)01107-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.176 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Synthesis, microstructure and photoluminescence of Eu^3^+/Tb^3^+ activated Y"2SiO"5 nanophosphors by new silicate sources _au Zhou, L. _au Yan, B. _ca Bing Yan. Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China _ab Y"2"-"xTb"xSiO"5 and Y"2"-"xEu"xSiO"5 nanophosphors with seven different kinds of silicate sources were synthesized by sol-gel method. The structures have been investigated to be composed of nanometer-size grains of 30-60nm through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the different morphology of patterns from seven different silicon sources. The photoluminescence of Y"2"-"xTb"xSiO"5 was investigated as a function of silicate sources and the results revealed that these nanometer materials showed the characteristic emission ^5D"4->^7F"J (J=6, 5, 4, 3) of Tb ions. The characteristic emission ^5D"0->^7F"J (J=1, 2, 4) of Eu ions was also found in the materials of Y"2"-"xEu"xSiO"5. _la EN _kw [pacs] 78.20.-e _kw [pacs] 78.55.-m _kw Rare earth silicate _kw Nanophosphors _kw Photoluminescence _kw Microstructure _kw New silica source precursors _kw Sol-gel synthesis _pg 1847-1851 _mf [XML Cit] 07011075 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011051 _ii S0169-4332(07)01105-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.175 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Electrical properties and dielectric relaxation of thermally evaporated zinc phthalocyanine thin films _au Zeyada, H.M. _au El-Nahass, M.M. _ca H.M. Zeyada. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science at New Damietta, 34517 New Damietta, Egypt _ab The electrical transport properties and dielectric relaxation of Au/zinc phthalocyanine, ZnPC/Au devices have been investigated. The DC thermal activation energy at temperature region 400-500K is 0.78eV. The dominant conduction mechanisms in the device are ohmic conduction below 1V and space charge limited conduction dominated by exponential trap distribution in potentials >1V. Some parameters, such as concentration of thermally generated holes in valence band, the trap concentration per unit energy range at the valence band edge, the total concentration of traps and the temperature parameter characterizing the exponential trap distribution and their relation with temperatures have been determined. The AC electrical conductivity, @s"a"c, as a function of temperature and frequency has been investigated. It showed a frequency and temperature dependence of AC conductivity for films in the temperature range 300-400K. The films conductivity in the temperature range 400-435K increased with increasing temperature and it shows no response for frequency change. The dominant conduction mechanism is the correlated barrier hopping. The temperature and frequency dependence of real and imaginary dielectric constants and loss tangent were investigated. _la EN _kw [pacs] 73.50.-h _kw ZnPc thin films _kw Electrical and dielectric properties _pg 1852-1858 _mf [XML Cit] 07011051 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011129 _ii S0169-4332(07)01112-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.172 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A statistical evaluation of the field emission for copper oxide nanostructures _au da Rocha, M.S.F. _au Santos, T.E.A. _au de Paulo, A.C. _au Hering, V.R. _au Engelsen, D.d. _au Vuolo, J.H. _au Mammana, S.S. _au Mammana, V.P. _ca M.S.F. da Rocha. INSOFT - Instituto de Tecnologia da Informacao, 941 Oliveira Paiva Avenue, Cidade dos Funcionarios, Fortaleza CE 60822-130, Brazil _ab A statistical data analysis methodology was developed to evaluate the field emission properties of many samples of copper oxide nanostructured field emitters. This analysis was largely done in terms of Seppen-Katamuki (SK) charts, field strength and emission current. Some physical and mathematical models were derived to describe the effect of small electric field perturbations in the Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) equation, and then to explain the trend of the data represented in the SK charts. The field enhancement factor and the emission area parameters showed to be very sensitive to variations in the electric field for most of the samples. We have found that the anode-cathode distance is critical in the field emission characterization of samples having a non-rigid nanostructure. _la EN _kw [pacs] 85.60.Pg _kw [pacs] 85.45.Fd _kw [pacs] 83.85.Ns _kw [pacs] 82.45.Aa _kw [pacs] 81.16.Be _kw [pacs] 81.07.Bc _kw [pacs] 79.70.+q _kw [pacs] 68.37Vj _kw [pacs] 61.46.+w _kw Field emission _kw Copper oxide nanostructures _kw Fowler-Nordheim _kw Seppen-Katamuki _kw Statistical method _kw Computational analysis _pg 1859-1869 _mf [XML Cit] 07011129 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07012421 _ii S0169-4332(07)01242-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.08.064 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Further investigation on the formation mechanisms of (NH"4)"2SiF"6 synthesized by dry etching technique _au Kabacelik, I. _au Ulug, B. _ca I. Kabacelik. Akdeniz University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Physics, Antalya, Turkey _ab The validity of two formation mechanisms of ammonium silicofluoride (ASF), which are proposed to take place when a silicon surface is exposed to the vapor of HNO"3/HF acid mixture is investigated. Of the two proposed mechanisms regarding the synthesis of ASF on silicon surface, validity of the first predicting the release of hydrofluosilicic acid (H"2SiF"6) at the intermediate stage is examined by FTIR spectroscopy and the second mechanism suggesting O"2 release is investigated using the Winkler technique. IR absorbance bands of SiF"6^2^+ are observed on the fresh samples prepared at low (1/100) HNO"3/HF volume fractions. No significant amount of oxygen is detected during the synthesis of ASF films on silicon surface by dry etching technique. These two observations together provide firmer support for the validity of the second mechanism. _la EN _kw Hydrofluosilicic acid _kw FTIR _kw [pacs] 61.43.Gt _kw [pacs] 68.47.Fg _kw [pacs] 78.55.Mb _kw Dry etching _kw Porous silicon _kw Ammonium silicofluoride _kw Oxygen _pg 1870-1873 _mf [XML Cit] 07012421 _t3 CXT0218A 01694332 02540006 07011270 _ii S0169-4332(07)01127-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.185 _ty FLA _li EN _ti XPS characterization of sensitized n-TiO"2 thin films for dye-sensitized solar cell applications _au Patrocinio, A.O.T. _au Paniago, E.B. _au Paniago, R.M. _au Iha, N.Y.M. _ca Neyde Y. Murakami Iha. Laboratory of Inorganic Photochemistry and Energy Conversion, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil _ab TiO"2 thin films, employed in dye-sensitized solar cells, were prepared by the sol-gel method or directly by Degussa P25 oxide and their surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of adsorption of the cis-[Ru(dcbH"2)"2(NCS)"2] dye, N3, on the surface of films was investigated. From XPS spectra taken before and after argon-ion sputtering procedure, the surface composition of inner and outer layers of sensitized films was obtained and a preferential etching of Ru peak in relation to the Ti and N ones was identified. The photoelectrochemical parameters were also evaluated and rationalized in terms of the morphological characteristics of the films. _la EN _kw TiO"2 _kw Dye-sensitized solar cells _kw XPS _kw Sputtering _pg 1874-1879 _mf [XML Cit] 07011270 _t1 CXT0218A 0169555X _jn Geomorphology _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. _t2 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 _vl 94 _is 1-2 _pr 1-256 _dt 20080201 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07001584 _ii S0169-555X(07)00158-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.007 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Landslides triggered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake _au Owen, L.A. _au Kamp, U. _au Khattak, G.A. _au Harp, E.L. _au Keefer, D.K. _au Bauer, M.A. _ca Lewis A. Owen. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA _ab The 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslides. These were mainly rock falls and debris falls, although translational rock and debris slides also occurred. In addition, a sturzstrom (debris avalanche) comprising ~80 million m^3 buried four villages and blocked streams to create two lakes. Although landsliding occurred throughout the region, covering an area of >7500 km^2, the failures were highly concentrated, associated with six geomorphic-geologic-anthropogenic settings, including natural failures in (1) highly fractured carbonate rocks comprising the lowest beds in the hanging wall of the likely earthquake fault; (2) Tertiary siliciclastic rocks along antecedent drainages that traverse the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis; (3) steep (>50^o) slopes comprising Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic rocks; (4) very steep (>>50^o) lower slopes of fluvially undercut Quaternary valley fills; and (5) ridges and spur crests. The sixth setting was associated with road construction. Extensive fissuring in many of the valley slopes together with the freshly mobilized landslide debris constitutes a potential hazard in the coming snowmelt and monsoon seasons. This study supports the view that earthquake-triggered landslides are highly concentrated in specific zones associated with the lithology, structure, geomorphology, topography, and human presence. _la EN _kw Kashmir _kw Earthquake _kw Landslides _kw Himalaya _pg 1-9 _mf [XML Cit] 07001584 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07001596 _ii S0169-555X(07)00159-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Age and weathering status of granite tors in Arctic Finland (~68^o N) _au Darmody, R.G. _au Thorn, C.E. _au Seppala, M. _au Campbell, S.W. _au Li, Y.K. _au Harbor, J. _ca R.G. Darmody. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA _ab Cold-based ice along the Fennoscandian glacial ice divide in northern Finland allowed preservation of old landscape features. Because there was little or no movement at the ice-land surface contact, erosion was at a minimum, and relict landscape features such as tors can be found. We investigated two such granitic tors located at Pyha-Nattanen (68^o07.335' N, 27^o22.207' E, 508 m asl) and Riestovaara (68^o02.613' N, 27^o09.003' E, 390 m asl) in subarctic Finland. At Pyha-Nattanen, the sampling sequence included bedrock material and grus taken from within horizontal cracks, which are so prevalent at the site as to make the tor resemble a stack of pancakes. At Riestovaara, where the outcrop is more subdued, in addition to bedrock and grus samples, soil samples were also extracted from a pit dug in an embryonic soil forming on the bedrock surface. Based on cosmogenic nuclide dating, both tors greatly predate recent glaciation. The tor at Pyha-Nattanen, which is a more prominent landscape feature, had longer minimum ^1^0Be and ^2^6Al apparent exposure ages, 89.1+/-6.7 kyr and 69.6+/-6.4 kyr, respectively, than did the tor at Riestovaara, 55.8+/-4.5 kyr and 46.5+/-4.0 kyr, respectively. Both of them are significantly older than the regional last deglaciation age, indicating that both sites have survived multiple episodes of glaciation. Analyses of the ^1^0Be and ^2^6Al measurements in accordance with marine oxygen isotope records (DSDP 607) indicate that the tors have undergone a minimum estimated total exposure-burial durations of 997 kyr (Pyha-Nattanen) and 858 kyr (Riestovaara) and survived at least 14-16 episodes of glaciation. Weathering, as measured by porosity determined with a microprobe, was somewhat more advanced in the Pyha-Nattanen granite samples than in the Riestovaara granite. However, with both granites, rock porosity did not change to a depth of 4 cm below the rock surface or vary by lichen cover/noncovered surfaces, indicating that weathering had progressed to a stage where recent lichen growth is overwhelmed by the long weathering history. Other measures of weathering, including total elemental analyses, did not detect significant differences among at-a-site samples, perhaps because all samples are highly weathered and we did not have a sample of unweathered granite for comparison. All samples, rock, grus, and soil were within the grus weathering range as indicated by chemical weathering indices. The soil forming adjacent to the tor at Riestovaara exhibited only slight development despite the great apparent age of the landscape. The regolith in which the soil is forming must therefore be much younger than the exposed bedrock and most likely represents a post-deglaciation accumulation of grus spanning only the last 9 kyr. _la EN _kw Grus _kw Cosmogenic nuclides _kw Chemical weathering _kw Tors _kw Northern Finland _kw Glacial erosion _kw Relict landscapes _pg 10-23 _mf [XML Cit] 07001596 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07001717 _ii S0169-555X(07)00171-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Modeling the role of weathering in shore platform development _au Trenhaile, A.S. _ca Alan S. Trenhaile. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4 _ab A mathematical, wave-erosional model was modified to study the additional effect of weathering by wetting and drying and salt weathering on the development of shore platforms in macro- to mesotidal environments. Model rates of downwearing by these processes, at different tidal elevations, were based on data obtained from a series of laboratory experiments on sandstones from eastern Canada. Backwearing by mechanical wave erosion was calculated using basic wave equations. There were several types of run which were designed to determine the effect of: weathering and the production of fine-grained sediment; the periodic accumulation of debris on weathering in the upper intertidal zone; and weathering in reducing rock resistance and facilitating wave quarrying. The results implied that, compared to mechanical wave erosion, the direct effect of weathering and fine-grained sediment production makes only a small contribution to the long-term development of shore platforms. The relationship between cliff-foot debris occurrence and platform development and morphology was inconsistent because of the negative feedback relationship between erosion rates, surface gradients, and rates of wave attenuation. The model suggested that weathering can play an important, indirect role in assisting wave quarrying of joint blocks and other rock fragments. _la EN _kw Shore platform _kw Modeling _kw Waves _kw Weathering _pg 24-39 _mf [XML Cit] 07001717 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07001729 _ii S0169-555X(07)00172-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.009 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Evaluation of landslide reactivation: A modified rainfall threshold model based on historical records of rainfall and landslides _au Floris, M. _au Bozzano, F. _ca Mario Floris. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rome ''La Sapienza''. P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy _ab This study proposes a modification of the conventional threshold model for assessing the probability of rainfall-induced landslide reactivation. The modification is based on the consideration that exceedance of a pre-determined rainfall threshold is a necessary but not sufficient condition to reactivate a landslide. The proposed method calculates the probability of reactivation as a function of the probability of exceedance of a pre-determined rainfall threshold, as well as the probability of occurrence of a landslide after such exceedance. The data for the calculation were obtained from historical records of landslides and rainfall. The method was applied to two complex landslides (''San Donato'' and ''La Salsa'') involving fine-grained debris in the southern section of the Apennine foredeep. The minimum rainfall threshold triggering landslide reactivation on the two slopes was determined by examining rainfall patterns during the 180 days preceding the slide events. For the San Donato and La Salsa landslides, the minimum triggering threshold consists of rainfall events lasting 15 days, with cumulated rainfall exceeding 150 and 180 mm, respectively. Based on hydrological and statistical analyses, the annual probabilities of exceeding the thresholds were estimated to be 0.38 and 0.25, respectively. During the period from 1950 to 1987, the minimum threshold was exceeded 14 times, and four reactivations occurred at San Donato; whereas, the threshold was exceeded 10 times and three reactivations occurred at La Salsa. Hence, the probabilities of landsliding after exceedance of the minimum rainfall threshold are 4/14 and 3/10, respectively. Finally, annual reactivation probabilities were calculated to be 0.11 and 0.08, respectively. The reliability of the minimum rainfall threshold was tested by: i) simulating variations in the stress-strain behavior of the slopes as a result of fluctuations in the water table from normal to extreme values; and ii) analyzing the results of continuous multi-year monitoring of pore pressure and rainfall variations on a slope composed of dominantly fine-grained debris. _la EN _kw Landslide reactivation _kw Rainfall _kw Threshold _kw Numerical modeling _kw Monitoring _pg 40-57 _mf [XML Cit] 07001729 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07001730 _ii S0169-555X(07)00173-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.04.005 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Morphology of river bed scours on a delta plain revealed by interferometric sonar _au Eilertsen, R.S. _au Hansen, L. _ca Raymond S. Eilertsen. Geological Survey of Norway, Polarmiljosenteret, N-9296 Tromso, Norway _ab High-resolution bathymetric data from an interferometric sonar were used to investigate scours within the distributary channels of the Oyeren delta plain, the largest freshwater delta in northern Europe. The data reveal a range of scours occurring at different settings, including channel confluences, bends, confinements and bedrock scours. The basal erosion surfaces of the scours are up to 23 m below the local base level (i.e. lake level), and up to 4 times greater than the mean channel depth. This significant relief on the basal erosion surface is assigned to autocyclic processes like scouring intrinsic to the river channels, and the effect of changes in local base level is considered to be insignificant in this respect. The deepest scour is 24 m deep and is located at a channel confinement. It probably formed due to flow convergence during one flood cycle, although once formed it has been relatively stable over several years. River bend scours have been registered to a depth of 23 m on the delta plain. Channel confluences are shown to change in planform morphology due to different confluence angles. They are up to 13 m deep, and channel depth is deeper downstream of the scour than upstream. _la EN _kw Scours _kw Delta plain _kw Bathymetry _kw River _kw Lake Oyeren _kw Norway _pg 58-68 _mf [XML Cit] 07001730 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002243 _ii S0169-555X(07)00224-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Surface microtopography and soil penetration resistance associated with shrub patches in a semiarid rangeland _au Stavi, I. _au Ungar, E.D. _au Lavee, H. _au Sarah, P. _ca Pariente Sarah. Laboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel _ab The surfaces of hillsides in semiarid regions are characterized by vegetative patchiness and an associated pattern of soil characteristics. In a semiarid patchy rangeland in the northern Negev region of Israel, the pattern of ground surface microtopography and soil penetration resistance were investigated along transects centred on randomly selected shrubs of Sarcopoterium spinosum. Each transect comprised five segments on the hillslope axis: upslope (US) and downslope (DS) of the central stem cluster of the shrub patch, immediately upslope of the shrub (TR), an upper intershrub (UI) segment (above TR), and a lower intershrub (LI) segment (below DS). Significant differences were found among the different segments, with regard to both slope and soil penetration resistance. Segment US had a relatively shallow slope (9.0^o in average) and the deepest penetration depth (20.5 mm). Segment DS had the steepest slope (21.0^o) and a relatively deep penetration depth (16.4 mm). Segments UI and LI had intermediate values for both slope (15.1^o and 13.4^o, respectively) and penetration depth (10.5 and 9.8 mm). A spatial relationship between the shrub patches and grazing was found: segment TR, immediately above the shrub, tended to be a flock trampling route and had the lowest values of both slope (5.1^o) and penetration depth (6.1 mm). A conceptual model was proposed to explain these results; it suggests that under the prevailing conditions of the study site these relationships regulate the redistribution of soil resources on the hillside. _la EN _kw Erosion _kw Microtopography _kw Compaction _kw Shrubs _kw Intershrub area _kw Trampling routes _pg 69-78 _mf [XML Cit] 07002243 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002255 _ii S0169-555X(07)00225-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.010 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Latest Pleistocene and Holocene river network evolution in the Ethiopian Lakes Region _au Sagri, M. _au Bartolini, C. _au Billi, P. _au Ferrari, G. _au Benvenuti, M. _au Carnicelli, S. _au Barbano, F. _ca Carlo Bartolini. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita di Firenze, Via La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy _ab River network, geomorphologic, paleohydrologic, stratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses document a dramatic reorganization of the drainage pattern in the northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) during latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. The river network modification was induced by tectonic deformation, volcanic activity, and by the arid conditions connected with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This arid phase triggered the shrinking of a Pleistocene Megalake that formerly flooded large part of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The northern tributaries (paleo-Awash and paleo-Mojo rivers) extended, following the lake shore retreat, and incised the Fesesa, Koye, and Cheleleka-Sulula Hafa paleovalleys through the Pleistocene deposits. At the beginning of the Holocene, humid conditions induced a water-level rise in the lacustrine basin (Ziway-Shala basin), supplied from the north by the large Awash-Mojo-Meki fluvial system. A well exposed cross-section of the Cheleleka paleovalley at the confluence with the Meki River and the use of paleohydrological methods allowed to infer the bankfull paleo-discharge of the larger Awash-Mojo river system. Tectonic events allowed the Awash and Mojo rivers to divert their courses to the east toward the Afar depression, depriving the Ziway-Shala lacustrine basin of large volumes of water supply. This and the further increase in aridity during the late Holocene led to the separation of the Ziway-Shala paleolake into the present four lakes (Ziway, Langano, Abjiata, Shala). This study indicates that in the Main Ethiopian Rift, climatic changes cannot be inferred from lake-level variations alone because changes in water supply are also influenced by the tectonic-induced rearrangement of the fluvial drainage networks. _la EN _kw Drainage evolution _kw Paleohydrology _kw Lake-level variations _kw Climatic changes _kw Ethiopian Rift _kw Late Quaternary _pg 79-97 _mf [XML Cit] 07002255 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002279 _ii S0169-555X(07)00227-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Morphotectonic segmentation of an active forearc, 37^o-41^oS, Chile _au Rehak, K. _au Strecker, M.R. _au Echtler, H.P. _ca Katrin Rehak. Universitat Potsdam, Institut fur Geowissenschaften, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Golm, Germany _ab Active forearc regions are characterized by seismo- and morphotectonic segments that record recurrent seismic activity and subduction-related tectonic deformation on different timescales. However, it is not well known on which timescales morphotectonic forearc segments retain their tectono-geomorphic identity, how they are related to earthquake-rupture zones, and what governs their long-term evolution. The forearc of the active convergent margin of south-central Chile (37^o-41^oS) is located within the rupture zone of the 1960 Chile M"w 9.6 megathrust earthquake. In this region, we combine geomorphological, sedimentologic, and morphometric DEM analysis with compiled structural and geophysical data to reconstruct the morphotectonic evolution of the forearc. The southern Chile forearc comprises three segments (Nahuelbuta, Tolten and Bueno segments) that record a differential structural and geomorphic evolution. Whereas the Tolten segment appears to be quasi-stable, the other two segments record pronounced ongoing Quaternary uplift. The Nahuelbuta and Bueno segments contain the N-S oriented Coastal Cordillera, characterized by numerous tectonically controlled drainage anomalies and evidence of sediment rerouting. The morphotectonic segmentation appears to have persisted over timescales of 10^5 to 10^6 years. Importantly, these segments do not correlate with earthquake-rupture zones that exhibit a short-term variability over 10^2 to 10^3 years. Thus, earthquake-rupture zones are transient, second-order phenomena, which do not determine the long-term morphotectonic forearc segmentation. Overall, the differential forearc evolution and segmentation is influenced by a complex interplay of inherited upper-plate structures and physical properties of the subducting oceanic Nazca plate. _la EN _kw Tectonic geomorphology _kw Drainage basins _kw Forearc evolution and segmentation _kw Morphometry _kw Seismotectonics _pg 98-116 _mf [XML Cit] 07002279 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002280 _ii S0169-555X(07)00228-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Constraining the age and formation of stone runs in the Falkland Islands using Optically Stimulated Luminescence _au Hansom, J.D. _au Evans, D.J.A. _au Sanderson, D.C.W. _au Bingham, R.G. _au Bentley, M.J. _ca James D. Hansom. Department of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom _ab The stone runs of the Falkland Islands are thought to be periglacial blockfields but their age and detailed origin remain enigmatic. We examine the fine sediments that underlie two stone runs in order to establish whether Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating is an appropriate technique to constrain the date of emplacement of the fine sediments and, hence, the stone runs. Six samples were collected from two accessible sections during the Scotia Centenary Antarctic expedition in 2003. All samples were used to explore the main luminescence characteristics of the sediment, followed by quartz SAR dating procedures on four of the samples. Age estimates range from in excess of 54 ka to 16 ka, suggesting that the overlying stone runs remained active until 16 ka or later. Saturation of luminescence from quartz limits age estimates for the oldest samples in the sequences, however these are not critical to define the upper limit to the emplacement age for the overlying stone runs. The sediments also contain feldspars and initial results suggest that these may be useful in extending the timescale further, but require further samples to be obtained from other parts of the sequence. Extending the method to other stone runs in the Port Stanley Formation may allow estimates of the age of stabilisation of the stone runs to be extended into the 1-250 ka timescale. Luminescence dating of the underlying sediments, used in conjunction with cosmogenic isotope dating of the surface boulders from a range of locations along the stone runs, appears to offer a useful route towards decoding the depositional history of these impressive deposits. _la EN _kw OSL dating _kw Stone runs _kw Falkland Islands _kw Palaeoclimate _pg 117-130 _mf [XML Cit] 07002280 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002310 _ii S0169-555X(07)00231-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Gravel extraction and planform change in a wandering gravel-bed river: The River Wear, Northern England _au Wishart, D. _au Warburton, J. _au Bracken, L. _ca Duncan Wishart. Department of Geography, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK _ab Within-channel alluvial gravel extraction is one of the most important forms of anthropogenically induced morphological change in river channels. In British rivers commercial gravel extraction was widespread between the 1930s and 1960s, and limited gravel extraction operations to reduce flood risk or maintain navigation continue to the present day. Despite this, gravel extraction has received little attention in UK river studies. This paper examines the significance of within-channel gravel extraction, during the period 1945-1960, on the planform of the River Wear in northern England. The study focuses on two 3 km piedmont reaches at Wolsingham and Harperley Park, located at the margin of the upland zone. Examination of detailed archival accounts of the gravel extraction operations, supplemented by the analysis of aerial photographs has enabled the impact of gravel extraction on the channel of the River Wear to be determined. Sediment budget calculations suggest large sediment deficits in both study reaches, however, assessing potential impacts simply in terms of a sediment deficit may be misleading as channel adjustments depend on local factors and a detailed consideration of the reach-scale sediment budget. Differences in the nature of channel adjustments of both reaches were found to be primarily a function of the method of gravel extraction employed. Overall patterns of channel change along the extraction reaches, over the past 150 years, were similar to reaches where gravel extraction was not practiced. This highlights the difficulty of trying to establish the significance of different processes where both local (gravel extraction) and catchment-scale factors (climate and land use) are operating. _la EN _kw Gravel extraction _kw Planform change _kw Sediment budget _kw Wandering gravel-bed river _kw Floods _pg 131-152 _mf [XML Cit] 07002310 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002334 _ii S0169-555X(07)00233-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.004 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Temporal patterns and processes of retreat of drumlin coastal cliffs - Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland _au Greenwood, R.O. _au Orford, J.D. _ca Richard O. Greenwood. Stranmillis University College, Belfast BT9 5DY Northern Ireland _ab Monthly measurements of erosion pins at sixteen sites around the very low energy marine environment of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, were used to investigate temporal patterns and processes of retreat of low cliffs of glacial material. Erosion rates were extremely varied: the mean was 76+/-49.03 mm a^-^1. Erosion is strongly seasonal with 86.6% of the total erosion occurring during 'winter' (September to March) periods. This seasonal pattern was most exaggerated in some of the more rapidly-eroding sites on the exposed eastern side of the lough. 'Preparatory processes' - heavy rainfall, desiccation and frost action - reduce the compressive strength of the cliff materials and act as important forcing of the erodibility of the cliffs. Direct wave attack on cliffs around the lough takes place when threshold conditions of wind speed and tidal heights are met (tidal levels>1.50 m above O.D. with wind speed of 15.4 m s^-^1 (30 knots), maintaining for more than 4 h). During the study period eighteen events exceeding the above criteria were identified. Extremely low atmospheric pressure has also been identified as important in raising water levels. Slumps, falls, topples and slides were the forms of cliff failure observed. _la EN _kw Coastal erosion _kw Drumlin cliffs _kw Episodic erosional events _kw Erodibility _kw Environmental thresholds _pg 153-169 _mf [XML Cit] 07002334 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002498 _ii S0169-555X(07)00249-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.005 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The value of lichenometry and historical archives in assessing the incision of submediterranean rivers from the Little Ice Age in the Ardeche and upper Loire (France) _au Gob, F. _au Jacob, N. _au Bravard, J.P. _au Petit, F. _ca Frederic Gob. Laboratoire d'Hydrographie et Geomorphologie fluviatile, University of Liege, Department of Geography, Allee du 6 Aout, 2. 4000 Liege, Belgium _ab The geomorphologic impact of the Little Ice Age (LIA) was determined on two French Mediterranean rivers, the upper Ardeche and the upper Loire. In order to evaluate the impact of the LIA on the hydrology of these rivers, two historical flood chronicles were made from historical sources. The LIA can be divided in three phases of high activity (1530-1700; 1750-1810; 1840-1910). A geomorphologic study of the two rivers shows that incision is the principle process at work in the 20th century. In order to date the low terraces and bedforms present in both valleys, lichenometry was used. Rhizocarpon geographicum allowed the main features on the bottom of the valley to be dated using two growth curves made for the two studied areas. In the Ardeche, lichenometric dating showed a progressive evacuation of the inherited alluvial stock. The oldest lichens found on the foodplain and the outcrops indicate that incision began between the second half of the 17th century and the end of the 18th century, in the mid Little Ice Age. Incision stopped on the bedrock in the second half of the 19th century. In the Loire, the narrowness of the gorge did not allow sediment to be stored during the first half of the LIA. Very old lichens (>1000 yr of age) are present on the bedrock close to the bed. However at a number of locations, the valley slightly widens, allowing sediment that was transiting through the gorge to be stored. The geomorphologic features that characterise these basins clearly show a hydrosedimentary behaviour different before and after the beginning of the 20th century. _la EN _kw Little Ice Age _kw Lichenometry _kw Gorge _kw Incision _kw Mediterranean rivers _pg 170-183 _mf [XML Cit] 07002498 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002504 _ii S0169-555X(07)00250-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.009 _ty FLA _li EN _ti A probabilistic model of debris-flow delivery to stream channels, demonstrated for the Coast Range of Oregon, USA _au Miller, D.J. _au Burnett, K.M. _ca Daniel J. Miller. Earth Systems Institute, 3040 NW 57th Street, Seattle, WA 98107, USA _ab Debris flows are important geomorphic agents in mountainous terrains that shape channel environments and add a dynamic element to sediment supply and channel disturbance. Identification of channels susceptible to debris-flow inputs of sediment and organic debris, and quantification of the likelihood and magnitude of those inputs, are key tasks for characterizing spatial and temporal patterns found in channel conditions and associated habitats in a river network. Widely available digital elevation and land-cover data (10-m DEMs and 25-m satellite imagery) offer the potential to assess debris-flow runout paths over regional extents. This paper presents a model for using these data to calculate empirical probabilities for debris-flow runout over DEM-determined flow paths and shows how these probabilities can be combined over all sources to estimate the potential for debris-flow delivery to stream reaches throughout entire channel networks. The model is calibrated and model predictions are compared to field-mapped debris-flow travel paths from study sites in the Coast Range of Oregon, USA. This model predicts debris-flow probability over channel-reach scales that can be aggregated to basin-scale measures of debris-flow potential. It offers unprecedented ability to characterize debris-flow effects over channel networks, providing a tool for risk assessment and for generating hypotheses that relate topographic and forest-cover controls on debris-flow runout to the types and abundance of channel habitats in a river basin. _la EN _kw Risk assessment _kw Debris flow _kw Landslide _kw Disturbance _kw Aquatic habitat _pg 184-205 _mf [XML Cit] 07002504 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002516 _ii S0169-555X(07)00251-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.007 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Clarifying stages of alluvial fan evolution along the Sfakian piedmont, southern Crete: New evidence from analysis of post-incisive soils and OSL dating _au Pope, R. _au Wilkinson, K. _au Skourtsos, E. _au Triantaphyllou, M. _au Ferrier, G. _ca Richard Pope. Geographical Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK _ab Analysis of fan sediments and post-incisive soils was combined with luminescence dating to re-assess Nemec and Postma's [Nemec, W., Postma, G., 1993. Quaternary alluvial fans in southwestern Crete: sedimentation processes and geomorphic evolution. In: Marzo, M., Puigdefabregas, C. (Eds.), Alluvial Sedimentation. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists, vol. 17, pp. 235-276] model of fan evolution on the Sfakian piedmont, southern Crete. Field mapping supports the assertion that sedimentation occurred in three developmental stages. Stage 1 sediments comprise angular debris flows forming small cone-like deposits; stage 2 fluvial gravels form large, relatively steep streamflow-dominated telescopic fans; and stage 3 sediments consist of coarse sieve-type alluvium, localised mudflows and hyperconcentrated flow deposits. Irrespective of gradient, fan surfaces are capped by post-incisive soils that form a chronosequence comprising remnant chromic luvisols. The most developed profiles, highest redness rating, and greatest concentrations of Fe"d and magnetic minerals are associated with soils formed on stage 1 surfaces. The stage 2 and 3 soils record progressively lower redness rating, Fe"d, and magnetic values, indicating that the stage 1 soils and fan surfaces formed first, followed by stage 2 and 3 soils and fan surfaces. Nanofossil data strongly suggest that stage 1 sedimentation commenced no earlier than the Early Pleistocene. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) results suggest that sedimentation responsible for stage 2 surfaces occurred between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 and MIS 2, while archaeological data indicate that stage 3 sedimentation is of Holocene age. The re-investigation of fan sediments and morphology corroborates the sedimentary and morphological elements of Nemec and Postma's model. The soil data support the model's assumptions that sedimentation was broadly synchronous across the piedmont and the locus of deposition progressively shifted away from the range-front zone. OSL dating suggests that previous age estimates assigned to fan stages 1 and 2 are too old. Climate appears to exert a fundamental control over fan development, with sedimentation occurring during cold stages and cold stage-interglacial transitions. Tectonic activity provides the relief required for fan development and controls fan incision. Local uplift resulted in variable rates of incision that culminated in differential fan segmentation across the piedmont. _la EN _kw Alluvial fans _kw Soils _kw Mineral magnetism _kw Iron oxides _kw Southern Crete _pg 206-225 _mf [XML Cit] 07002516 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002619 _ii S0169-555X(07)00261-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.014 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Dispersion of channel-sediment contaminants in distributary fluvial systems: Application to fluvial tephra and radionuclide redistribution following a potential volcanic eruption at Yucca Mountain _au Pelletier, J.D. _au DeLong, S.B. _au Cline, M.L. _au Harrington, C.D. _au Keating, G.N. _ca Jon D. Pelletier. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 E. Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA _ab Predicting the fluvial transport and mixing of channel-sediment contaminants is necessary for assessing and mitigating heavy-metal and nuclear-waste contamination in rivers. The dilution-mixing model is widely used for this purpose in tributary channel systems that transport contaminants as bed-material load without significant overbank sedimentation. Here a more general, three-dimensional (3D) contaminant transport numerical model is developed and tested based on bed scour, turbulent mixing of contaminant material with uncontaminated channel-bed sediments, and re-deposition of the mixture by the cumulative effect of many flood events. First, the model is applied to a synthetic alluvial-fan environment downstream from a localized contaminant source in order to illustrate the model behavior. Second, the model is validated against measured tephra concentrations in channels downstream from the Lathrop Wells scoria cone volcano, a localized source of basaltic tephra to downstream channels otherwise comprised of non-basaltic sediments. Third, the model is applied to the problem of predicting the concentration of radionuclide-bound tephra in channels downstream from the proposed nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in the event of a volcanic eruption through the repository. Contaminated tephra is mobilized from the landscape in this model using threshold criteria for hillslope gradient and channel stream power. Mobilized contaminated tephra is mixed with uncontaminated channel-bed sediments using the contaminant transport model and deposited in channels of the Fortymile Wash alluvial fan where the residents nearest to the proposed repository live. The results of twenty Monte Carlo simulations of eruption fallout and post-eruption redistribution corresponding to a range of wind conditions and eruption magnitudes provide information on the mean and variability of contaminated tephra concentrations to be expected in channels of the Fortymile Wash alluvial fan in the event of an eruption. Mean tephra concentrations are approximately 1% but vary from nearly zero to as high as 26%, reflecting the combined effects of wind direction, eruption magnitude, and dilution of tephra with uncontaminated channel-bed sediments during transport. _la EN _kw Contaminant transport _kw Drainage networks _kw Flood scour _kw Radionuclides _pg 226-246 _mf [XML Cit] 07002619 _t3 CXT0218A 0169555X 00940001 07002644 _ii S0169-555X(07)00264-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.05.012 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Recent aeolian dune change on Mars _au Bourke, M.C. _au Edgett, K.S. _au Cantor, B.A. _ca M.C. Bourke. Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA _ab Previous comparisons of Martian aeolian dunes in satellite images have not detected any change in dune form or position. Here, we show dome dunes in the north polar region that shrank and then disappeared over a period of 3.04 Mars years (5.7 Earth years), while larger, neighboring dunes showed no erosion or movement. The removal of sand from these dunes indicates that not only is the threshold wind speed for saltation exceeded under present conditions on Mars, but that any sand that is available for transport is likely to be moved. Dunes that show no evidence of change could be crusted, indurated, or subject to infrequent episodes of movement. _la EN _kw Mars _kw Aeolian _kw Dune _kw Sediment transport _pg 247-255 _mf [XML Cit] 07002644 _t1 CXT0218A 01695983 _jn Fluid Dynamics Research _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics _t2 CXT0218A 01695983 00400002 _vl 40 _is 2 _pr 95-162 _dt 200802 _t3 CXT0218A 01695983 00400002 07001104 _ii S0169-5983(07)00110-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0169-5983(07)00110-4 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg CO2 _mf [XML Cit] 07001104 _t3 CXT0218A 01695983 00400002 07000147 _ii S0169-5983(07)00014-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.02.003 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Internal wave focusing revisited; a reanalysis and new theoretical links _au Lam, F.-P.A. _au Maas, L.R.M. _ca Frans-Peter A. Lam. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands _ab An experiment which discussed the appearance of an internal wave attractor in a uniformly stratified, free-surface fluid [Maas, L.R.M., Benielli, D., Sommeria, J., Lam, F.-P.A., 1997. Observation of an internal wave attractor in a confined, stably stratified fluid. Nature 388(6642), 557-561] is revisited. This is done in order to give a more detailed and more accurate description of the underlying focusing process. Evolution of the attractor can now be quantified. For the tank with one sloping sidewall, and for the parameter regime (density stratification, forcing frequency) studied, the inverse exponential growth rate determined at several locations in the fluid turns out to be 122s always. Only the start and duration of the growth differed: away from the attractor region it appeared later and of shorter duration. Here, these features are interpreted by employing a new theoretical basis that incorporates an external forcing via a surface boundary condition (an infinitesimal barotropic seiche) and that describes the solution in terms of propagating waves. _la EN _kw Wave attractor _kw Internal gravity waves _kw Laboratory experiment _kw Stratified fluids _kw Focusing _kw Fluid dynamics _pg 95-122 _mf [XML Cit] 07000147 _t3 CXT0218A 01695983 00400002 07000536 _ii S0169-5983(07)00053-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.05.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Geometrical properties of the vorticity vector derived using large-eddy simulation _au Wang, B.-C. _au Yee, E. _au Bergstrom, D.J. _ca Donald J. Bergstrom. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A9 _ab In this paper, the geometrical properties of the resolved vorticity vector @w@? derived from large-eddy simulation are investigated using a statistical method. Numerical tests have been performed based on a turbulent Couette channel flow using three different dynamic linear and nonlinear subgrid-scale stress models. The geometrical properties of @w@? have a significant impact on various physical quantities and processes of the flow. To demonstrate, we examined helicity and helical structure, the attitude of @w@? with respect to the eigenframes of the resolved strain rate tensor S@?"i"j and negative subgrid-scale stress tensor -@t"i"j, enstrophy generation, and local vortex stretching and compression. It is observed that the presence of the wall has a strong anisotropic influence on the alignment patterns between @w@? and the eigenvectors of S@?"i"j, and between @w@? and the resolved vortex stretching vector. Some interesting wall-limiting geometrical alignment patterns and probability density distributions in the form of Dirac delta functions associated with these alignment patterns are reported. To quantify the subgrid-scale modelling effects, the attitude of @w@? with respect to the eigenframe of -@t"i"j is studied, and the geometrical alignment between @w@? and the Euler axis is also investigated. The Euler axis and angle for describing the relative rotation between the eigenframes of -@t"i"j and S@?"i"j are natural invariants of the rotation matrix, and are found to be effective for characterizing a subgrid-scale stress model and for quantifying the associated subgrid-scale modelling effects on the geometrical properties of @w@?. _la EN _kw Turbulence _kw Vorticity _kw Vortex stretching _kw Enstrophy _kw Helicity _kw Large-eddy simulation _kw Subgrid-scale stress _pg 123-154 _mf [XML Cit] 07000536 _t3 CXT0218A 01695983 00400002 07000755 _ii S0169-5983(07)00075-5 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2007.08.001 _ty FLA _li EN _ti An asymptotic expansion for Stokes waves with viscosity _au Wang, J. _ca Box 90320, Mathematics _ab We use a formal asymptotic analysis to study the effects of weak viscosity on interfacial Stokes waves, which are nonlinear, periodic and steady progressive motions between two incompressible fluids. Our results provide a natural representation of viscous contribution to the motion of Stokes waves. _la EN _kw Stokes waves _kw Asymptotic expansion _kw Viscous effects _kw Interfacial motion _kw Navier-Stokes equations _kw Wave growth rate _pg 155-161 _mf [XML Cit] 07000755 _t1 CXT0218A 01722190 _jn World Patent Information _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd _t2 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 _vl 30 _is 1 _pr 1-96 _dt 200803 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001883 _ii S0172-2190(07)00188-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0172-2190(07)00188-3 _ty EDB _li EN _ti Editorial Board _pg IFC _mf [XML Cit] 07001883 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001421 _ii S0172-2190(07)00142-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.08.007 _ty EDI _li EN _ti Manifesto for better patent searches and more economical patent prosecution _au O'Keeffe, M. _pg 1-3 _mf [XML Cit] 07001421 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001433 _ii S0172-2190(07)00143-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.08.008 _ty OCN _li EN _ti Article introductions: News columnist _pg 4 _mf [XML Cit] 07001433 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000920 _ii S0172-2190(07)00092-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.05.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti English-language support tools for the use of Japanese F-term patent subject searching online _au Adams, S. _ab The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the help tools available to the English-language patent searcher, to assist in the systematic and informed selection and use of the F-term system. In order to show the effectiveness of these tools, some information on the official documentation, structure of the F-terms system and usefulness in searching is given. Information on both free-of-charge and commercial loads of the F-term data is reviewed. Some instances are highlighted where at present, support material is only available in Japanese, together with recommendations for expansion of English-language support. _la EN _kw Japan _kw F-term _kw Subject searching _kw English version _kw PMGS _kw Notation _kw Patolis _kw Chemical Abstracts _kw PatBase _pg 5-20 _mf [XML Cit] 07000920 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000762 _ii S0172-2190(07)00076-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.03.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Towards content-oriented patent document processing _au Wanner, L. _au Baeza-Yates, R. _au Brugmann, S. _au Codina, J. _au Diallo, B. _au Escorsa, E. _au Giereth, M. _au Kompatsiaris, Y. _au Papadopoulos, S. _au Pianta, E. _au Piella, G. _au Puhlmann, I. _au Rao, G. _au Rotard, M. _au Schoester, P. _au Serafini, L. _au Zervaki, V. _ca Leo Wanner. Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain _ab In this article, we present ongoing work on an advanced patent processing service PATExpert. The central assumption underlying PATExpert is that in order to meet the needs of the users of patent processing services, recourse must be made to the content of patent material. We introduce a content representation schema for patent documentation and sketch the design of techniques that facilitate the integration of this schema into the patent processing cycle. Two types of techniques are discussed. Techniques of the first type facilitate the access to the content of patent documentation provided in a textual format - be it by the human reader or by the machine - in that they rephrase and summarize the documentation and map it onto a formal semantic representation. Techniques of the second type operate on the content representation. At this stage, PATExpert is explored in two technology areas - optical recording devices and machine tools. The work is being carried out in the framework of an R&D-project partially funded by the European Commission. _la EN _kw Summarization _kw Visualization _kw Navigation _kw Valuing _kw PATExpert _kw Patent content representation _kw Patent retrieval _kw Content extraction _kw Paraphrasing _kw Classification _kw Translation _kw Documentation ontologies _kw Knowledge base _pg 21-33 _mf [XML Cit] 07000762 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000889 _ii S0172-2190(07)00088-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.05.002 _ty FLA _li EN _ti US Alien Property Custodian patent documents: A legacy prior art collection from World War II - Part 2. Statistics _au White, M.J. _ca Michael J. White. Librarian for Research Services, Engineering and Science Library, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 5C4 _ab This is the second part of a two-part article on the origins, history and profile of Alien Property Custodian (APC) documents. The APC was responsible for administering American property, including patents, seized from nationals of enemy and enemy-occupied countries during World War II. Part 1 covered the wartime organization and activities of the APC, vesting orders and the agency's patent portfolio. Part 2 describes APC documents (patent applications published by the US Patent Office at the request of the APC), the national and technological profiles of these documents and snapshots of the inventors who lost and, in some cases, regained their patent rights. APC documents are a small and little known but historically important collection of prior art documents. _la EN _kw Patent applications _kw United States Patent Office _kw World War II _kw APC database _kw Alien Property Custodian _kw Enemy property _pg 34-42 _mf [XML Cit] 07000889 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000968 _ii S0172-2190(07)00096-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.05.010 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Patent inflation in Europe _au van Zeebroeck, N. _au Stevnsborg, N. _au van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. _au Guellec, D. _au Archontopoulos, E. _ca N. Stevnsborg. European Patent Office (EPO), Patentlaan 2, 2288 EE Rijswijk, The Netherlands _ab Patent filings worldwide have been subject to a combined growth in terms of the number of applications filed and their size. This is putting patent systems under tremendous pressure, as witnessed by the evolution of backlogs at several patent offices. The present article presents an analysis of the evolution in patent voluminosity observed at the European Patent Office (EPO) over the past two decades. The results demonstrate that the average size of applications has doubled during this period and that the largest influence comes from applications filed via the PCT route and/or with a US priority application. Voluminosity indicators are clearly influenced by geographical origins and technological areas. The increasing voluminosity has a significant impact on EPO workload and processing efficiency. There is therefore a justified need for regulatory action. Evidence from recent changes in US patent fee policy is shown to have a significant knock-off effect on voluminosity indicators. _la EN _kw Patent statistics _kw Patent systems _kw Workload _kw Patent fees _kw Patent drafting _kw Patent voluminosity _kw Patent applications _pg 43-52 _mf [XML Cit] 07000968 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000932 _ii S0172-2190(07)00093-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.05.009 _ty FLA _li EN _ti James Watt: The steam engine and the commercialization of patents _au Spear, B. _ca Brian Spear. 36 Starling Close, Buckhurst Hill, Essex, IG95TN, UK _ab Great Britain (GB) was the first country to undergo an Industrial Revolution (1760-1850) and, in consequence, the first where patents for inventions evolved from an occasional curiosity to a powerful commercial tool. It is argued that this paradigm shift was largely caused by the later development of the steam engine and especially the first patent of James Watt (1736-1819). Despite extensive litigation, this proved extremely lucrative and thereby convinced GB's rapidly growing industry of the importance of strong patent protection. In an annex, the author notes that 2008 is the 200th anniversary of the demonstration of the first practical steam railway engine, Richard Trevithick's 'Catch me who can' on a circular track in London. _la EN _kw James Watt _kw Historical _kw Steam engine _kw Industrial revolution _kw Thomas Newcomen _kw Richard Trevithick _kw Matthew Boulton _kw Patent litigation _pg 53-58 _mf [XML Cit] 07000932 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07000919 _ii S0172-2190(07)00091-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.05.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The Flowsolder^(R) Machine Patent, GB798701 - 50th Anniversary _au Bilham, R. _ab Fifty years ago a patent (GB798701) was published for a major improvement in the process of soldering components of an electrical circuit to a printed circuit board. This short communication covers the problem solved by the machines incorporating the process, the details of the process, subsequent improvements, and a brief note about the inventors. _la EN _kw Historical patents _kw Soldering machine _kw Printed circuit _pg 59-61 _mf [XML Cit] 07000919 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001500 _ii S0172-2190(07)00150-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.007 _ty SCO _li EN _ti Other short communications _au Blackman, M. _pg 62-65 _mf [XML Cit] 07001500 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001391 _ii S0172-2190(07)00139-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.08.005 _ty OCN _li EN _ti Peer review policy for World Patent Information _pg 66 _mf [XML Cit] 07001391 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001494 _ii S0172-2190(07)00149-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.006 _ty OCN _li EN _ti Our Referees _pg 67-68 _mf [XML Cit] 07001494 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 0700141X _ii S0172-2190(07)00141-X _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.08.006 _ty PRV _li EN _ti Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice _au Newton, D. _pg 69-70 _mf [XML Cit] 0700141X _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001457 _ii S0172-2190(07)00145-7 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.002 _ty BRV _li EN _ti Patent searching: tools & techniques _au Adams, S. _pg 71-72 _mf [XML Cit] 07001457 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001469 _ii S0172-2190(07)00146-9 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.003 _ty NWS _li EN _ti News on patent, trademark and design databases on the Internet _pg 73-75 _mf [XML Cit] 07001469 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001482 _ii S0172-2190(07)00148-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.005 _ty NWS _li EN _ti News from P.R.China _pg 76-78 _mf [XML Cit] 07001482 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001378 _ii S0172-2190(07)00137-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.08.002 _ty NWS _li EN _ti News from Latin America _pg 79-80 _mf [XML Cit] 07001378 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001548 _ii S0172-2190(07)00154-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.10.003 _ty NWS _li EN _ti WIPO News _pg 81-82 _mf [XML Cit] 07001548 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001512 _ii S0172-2190(07)00151-2 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.008 _ty NWS _li EN _ti News from Australia and New Zealand _pg 83-87 _mf [XML Cit] 07001512 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001470 _ii S0172-2190(07)00147-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.09.004 _ty OCN _li EN _ti Literature listing _pg 88-93 _mf [XML Cit] 07001470 _t3 CXT0218A 01722190 00300001 07001536 _ii S0172-2190(07)00153-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.wpi.2007.10.002 _ty OCN _li EN _ti Selective Diary of Conferences, Exhibitions, and Courses _pg 94-96 _mf [XML Cit] 07001536 _t1 CXT0218A 01761617 _jn Journal of Plant Physiology _cr Copyright (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH _t2 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 _vl 165 _is 1 _pr 1-126 _dt 20080115 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07003318 _ii S0176-1617(07)00331-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/S0176-1617(07)00331-8 _ty EDB _li EN _ti prelim 2 _pg ii _mf [XML Cit] 07003318 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07002350 _ii S0176-1617(07)00235-0 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.007 _ty EDI _li EN _ti Compatible host-microbe interactions: Mechanistic studies enabling future agronomical solutions _au Kogel, K.-H. _ca Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 _pg 1-4 _mf [XML Cit] 07002350 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07001034 _ii S0176-1617(07)00103-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.004 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Accommodation of powdery mildew fungi in intact plant cells _au Eichmann, R. _au Huckelhoven, R. _ca Ruth Eichmann. Technical University of Munich, Chair of Phytopathology, Am Hochanger 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany _ab Parasitic powdery mildew fungi have to overcome basic resistance and manipulate host cells to establish a haustorium as a functional feeding organ in a host epidermal cell. Currently, it is of central interest how plant factors negatively regulate basal defense or whether they even support fungal development in compatible interactions. Additionally, creation of a metabolic sink in infected cells may involve host activity. Here, we review the current progress in understanding potential fungal targets for host reprogramming and nutrient acquisition. _la EN _kw Compatibility _kw Lipid rafts _kw Metabolic reprogramming _kw Plant innate immunity _kw Powdery mildew _kw [abr] Bgh; Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei _kw [abr] BI-1; bax inhibitor-1 _kw [abr] EDR; enhanced disease resistance _kw [abr] EHM; extrahaustorial membrane _kw [abr] ER; endoplasmic reticulum _kw [abr] HR; hypersensitive reaction _kw [abr] PAMP; pathogen-associated molecular pattern _kw [abr] PMR; powdery mildew resistant _kw [abr] PRR; pathogen recognition receptor _kw [abr] RBOH; respiratory burst oxidase homolog _kw [abr] SA; salicylic acid _pg 5-18 _mf [XML Cit] 07001034 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07001368 _ii S0176-1617(07)00136-8 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Infection of maize leaves with Ustilago maydis prevents establishment of C"4 photosynthesis _au Horst, R.J. _au Engelsdorf, T. _au Sonnewald, U. _au Voll, L.M. _ca Lars M. Voll. Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Lehrstuhl fur Biochemie, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany _ab The Basidiomycete fungus Ustilago maydis is the common agent of corn smut and is capable of inducing gall growth on infected tissue of the C"4 plant maize (Zea mays). While U. maydis is very well characterized on the genetic level, the physiological changes in the host plant in response to U. maydis infection have not been studied in detail, yet. Therefore, we examined the influence of U. maydis infection on photosynthetic performance and carbon metabolism in maize leaf galls. At all stages of development, U. maydis-induced leaf galls exhibited carbon dioxide response curves, CO"2 compensation points and enzymatic activities that are characteristic of C"3 photosynthesis, demonstrating that the establishment of C"4 metabolism is prevented in infected tissue. Hexose contents and hexose/sucrose ratio of leaf galls remained high at 6 days post infection, while a shift in free sugar metabolism was observed in the uninfected controls at that time point. Concomitantly, transitory starch production and sucrose accumulation during the light period remained low in leaf galls. Given that U. maydis is infectious on young developing tissue, the observed changes in carbohydrate metabolism suggest that the pathogen manipulates the developing leaf tissue to arrest sink-to-source transition in favor of maintaining sink metabolism in the host cells. Furthermore, evidence is presented that carbohydrate supply during the biotrophic phase of the pathogen is assured by a fungal invertase. _la EN _kw C"4 photosynthesis _kw Corn smut _kw Invertase _kw Maize _kw Ustilago maydis _kw [abr] A; assimilation rate _kw [abr] abs.; absorption _kw [abr] Bgh; Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei _kw [abr] BSC; bundle sheath cell _kw [abr] chl; chlorophyll _kw [abr] c"i; intercellular CO"2 _kw [abr] ETR; electron transport rate _kw [abr] F"v/F"m; maximum quantum efficiency of PSII in dark-adapted leaves _kw [abr] @C; apparent CO"2 compensation point _kw [abr] GAPDH; NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase _kw [abr] gCO"2; stomatal conductance for CO"2 _kw [abr] PR; pathogenesis related _kw [abr] MC; mesophyll cells _kw [abr] ME; malic enzyme _kw [abr] NPQ; non-photochemical quenching _kw [abr] PEP; phosphoenol pyruvate _kw [abr] @fPSII; quantum efficiency of photosystem II in the light _kw [abr] PFD; photon flux density _kw [abr] Y(NO); quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation _pg 19-28 _mf [XML Cit] 07001368 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07002386 _ii S0176-1617(07)00238-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.016 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Establishment of compatibility in the Ustilago maydis/maize pathosystem _au Doehlemann, G. _au Wahl, R. _au Vranes, M. _au de Vries, R.P. _au Kamper, J. _au Kahmann, R. _ca Regine Kahmann. Max-Planck-Institut fur Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany _ab The fungus Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen parasitizing on maize. The most prominent symptoms of the disease are large tumors in which fungal proliferation and spore differentiation occur. In this study, we have analyzed early and late tumor stages by confocal microscopy. We show that fungal differentiation occurs both within plant cells as well as in cavities where huge aggregates of fungal mycelium develop. U. maydis is poorly equipped with plant CWDEs and we demonstrate by array analysis that the respective genes follow distinct expression profiles at early and late stages of tumor development. For the set of three genes coding for pectinolytic enzymes, deletion mutants were generated by gene replacement. Neither single nor triple mutants were affected in pathogenic development. Based on our studies, we consider it unlikely that U. maydis feeds on carbohydrates derived from the digestion of plant cell wall material, but uses its set of plant CWDEs for softening the cell wall structure as a prerequisite for in planta growth. _la EN _kw Biotrophic interaction _kw Confocal microscopy _kw Fungal development _kw Microarray analysis _kw Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes _kw [abr] CWDE; cell wall-degrading enzymes _kw [abr] RFP; red fluorescent protein _kw [abr] WGA-AF; wheat germ agglutinin-alexa fluor conjugate _pg 29-40 _mf [XML Cit] 07002386 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07001356 _ii S0176-1617(07)00135-6 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.008 _ty FLA _li EN _ti The hemibiotrophic lifestyle of Colletotrichum species _au Munch, S. _au Lingner, U. _au Floss, D.S. _au Ludwig, N. _au Sauer, N. _au Deising, H.B. _ca Holger B. Deising. Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Ludwig-Wucherer-Str. 2, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany _ab Colletotrichum species infect several economically important crop plants. To establish a compatible parasitic interaction, a specialized infection cell, the melanized appressorium, is differentiated on the cuticle of the host. After penetration, an infection vesicle and primary hyphae are formed. These structures do not kill the host cell and show some similarities with haustoria formed by powdery mildews and rust fungi. Therefore, this stage of infection is called biotrophic. Later in the infection process, necrotrophic secondary hyphae spread within and kill the host tissue. The lifestyle of Colletotrichum species is called hemibiotrophic, as biotrophic and necrotrophic developmental stages are sequentially established. As most Colletotrichum species are accessible to molecular techniques, genes can be identified and functionally characterized. Here we demonstrate that Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is a well-suited method for tagging of genes mediating compatibility in the Colletotrichum graminicola-maize interaction. _la EN _kw Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation _kw Anthracnose _kw Hemibiotrophy _kw Infection structures _kw Sugar transporters _pg 41-51 _mf [XML Cit] 07001356 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07002283 _ii S0176-1617(07)00228-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.006 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Interactive signal transfer between host and pathogen during successful infection of barley leaves by Blumeria graminis and Bipolaris sorokiniana _au Felle, H.H. _au Herrmann, A. _au Schafer, P. _au Huckelhoven, R. _au Kogel, K.-H. _ca Hubert H. Felle. Botanisches Institut I, Justus-Liebig-University, Senckenbergstrasze 17, 35390 Gieszen, Germany _ab Using ion-selective microprobes, interactive signalling between barley and Blumeria graminis or Bipolaris sorokiniana has been investigated. The question was raised whether a biotrophically growing fungus manipulates the electrical driving forces (membrane potential, transmembrane pH), required for H^+ cotransport of energy-rich compounds. Electrodes were positioned in the substomatal cavity of open stomata or on the leaf surface, and pH was measured continuously up to several days during fungal development. We demonstrate that surface and apoplastic fluids are electrically coupled and respond in a similar manner to stimuli. Apoplastic pH, monitored from the moment of inoculation with conidia, reveals several phases: 2-4h after inoculation of the barley leaf with either fungus, the host displays rapid transient responses after its first contact with the fungal cell wall; apoplastic pH and pCa increases, cytoplasmic pH and pCa decreases. About 1 day after inoculation, the apoplastic pH increases by up to 2 pH units, which is thought to reflect a resistance response against the intruder. Whereas barley leaf cells possess a membrane potential of -152+/-5mV, hyphae of B. graminis yield -251+/-8mV, indicative of a substantial driving force advantage for the fungus. Although the resting membrane potential of barley remains constant during the first days after inoculation, leaves infected with B. sorokiniana get confronted with an energy problem, indicated by a retarded repolarization following a ''light-off'' stimulus. Five days after inoculation, apoplastic pH has increased to 5.97+/-0.47 (n=11) and does no longer respond to ''light-off'' when measured within lesions. In contrast, it stays at near normal values outside the lesions and responds to ''light-off''. It is concluded that biotrophically growing fungi do not manipulate the cotransport driving forces since (i) any change in apoplastic pH would be experienced by both partners; (ii) the resting membrane potential is not changed. It is suggested that measured pH changes reflect defence responses of the host against the fungus rather than fungal action to increase compatibility. _la EN _kw Apoplastic pH _kw Barley _kw Compatibility _kw Resistance _kw Surface pH _pg 52-59 _mf [XML Cit] 07002283 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07002374 _ii S0176-1617(07)00237-4 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.017 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Systemic and local modulation of plant responses by Piriformospora indica and related Sebacinales species _au Waller, F. _au Mukherjee, K. _au Deshmukh, S.D. _au Achatz, B. _au Sharma, M. _au Schafer, P. _au Kogel, K.-H. _ca Karl-Heinz Kogel. Research Center for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany _ab Piriformospora indica is a fungus of the order Sebacinales (Basidiomycota) infesting roots of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Endophytic fungal colonization leads to enhanced plant growth while host cell death is required for proliferation in differentiated root tissue to form a mutualistic interaction. Colonization of barley roots by P. indica and related Sebacina vermifera strains also leads to systemic resistance against the leaf pathogenic fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei due to a yet unknown mechanism of induced resistance. In order to elucidate plant response pathways governed by these root endophytes, we analyzed gene expression in barley plants exhibiting an established symbiosis with P. indica 3 weeks after inoculation. P. indica-colonized roots showed no induction of defence-related genes, while other genes showed a differential regulation pattern indicating a faster P. indica-dependent root development. Gene expression analysis of leaves detected only few systemically induced mRNAs. Among differentially regulated transcripts, we characterized the pathogenesis-related gene HvPr17b and the molecular chaperone HvHsp70 in more detail. HvPr17b shows similarity with TaWCI5, a wheat gene inducible by chemical resistance inducers and salicylate, and was previously proven to exhibit antifungal activity against B. graminis. HvHsp70 is the first gene found to systemically indicate root colonization with endophytic fungi of the order Sebacinales. Both genes are discussed as markers for endophytic colonization and resulting systemic responses. _la EN _kw Compatibility _kw Induced resistance _kw Mutualism _kw Powdery mildew _kw Root endophyte _kw [abr] AMF; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi _kw [abr] cv.; cultivar _kw [abr] hai; hours after inoculation _kw [abr] ISR; induced systemic resistance _kw [abr] JA; jasmonic acid _kw [abr] MeJA; methyl jasmonate _kw [abr] SA; salicylic acid; SAR; systemic acquired resistance _kw [abr] WGA; wheat germ agglutinin _pg 60-70 _mf [XML Cit] 07002374 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07001393 _ii S0176-1617(07)00139-3 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.015 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Efficient generation of transgenic barley: The way forward to modulate plant-microbe interactions _au Hensel, G. _au Valkov, V. _au Middlefell-Williams, J. _au Kumlehn, J. _ca Goetz Hensel. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Plant Reproductive Biology, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany _ab Stable genetic transformation represents the gold standard approach to the detailed elucidation of plant gene functions. This is particularly relevant in barley, an important experimental model widely employed in applied molecular, genetic and cell biological research, and biotechnology. Presented are details of the establishment of a protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer to immature embryos, which enables the highly efficient generation of transgenic barley. Advancements were achieved through comparative experiments on the influence of various explant treatments and co-cultivation conditions. The analysis of representative numbers of transgenic lines revealed that the obtained T-DNA copy numbers are typically low, the generative transmission of the recombinant DNA is in accordance with the Mendelian rules and the vast majority of the primary transgenics produce progeny that expresses the respective transgene product. Moreover, the newly established protocol turned out to be useful to transform not only the highly amenable cultivar (cv.) 'Golden Promise' but also other spring and winter barley genotypes, albeit with substantially lower efficiency. As a major result of this study, a very useful tool is now available for future functional gene analyses as well as genetic engineering approaches. With the aim to modify the expression of barley genes putatively involved in plant-fungus interactions, numerous transgenic plants have been generated using diverse expression cassettes. These plants represent an example of how transformation technology may contribute to further our understanding of important biological processes. _la EN _kw Agrobacterium _kw Hordeum vulgare _kw Plant-fungus interactions _kw Transgenic barley _kw [abr] CaMV; cauliflower mosaic virus _kw [abr] CIMT; callus induction medium _kw [abr] cv.; cultivar _kw [abr] IEs; immature embryos _kw [abr] RAC/ROP; ROPs (also called RACs) RHO-like GTPases of plants _pg 71-82 _mf [XML Cit] 07001393 _t3 CXT0218A 01761617 01650001 07001381 _ii S0176-1617(07)00138-1 _ii [DOI] 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.011 _ty FLA _li EN _ti Strategies of attack and defense in plant-oomycete interactions, accentuated for Phytophthora parasitica Dastur (syn. P. Nicotianae Breda de Haan) _au Attard, A. _au Gourgues, M. _au Galiana, E. _au Panabieres, F. _au Ponchet, M. _au Keller, H. _ca Harald Keller. Unite Mixte de Recherches, Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Sante Vegetale, INRA1064-CNRS6192-UNSA, BP 167, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France _ab Oomycetes from the genus Phytophthora are fungus-like plant pathogens that are devastating for agriculture and natural ecosystems. Due to their particular physiological characteristics, no efficient treatments against diseases caused by these microorganisms are presently available. To develop such treatments, it appears essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms that determine the interaction between Phytophthora species and host plants. Available data are scarce, and genomic approaches were mainly developed for the two species, Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora sojae. However, these two species are exceptions from, rather than representative species for, the genus. P. infestans is a foliar pathogen, and P. sojae infects a narrow range of host plants, while the majority of Phytophthora species are quite unselective, root-infecting pathogens. To represent this majority, Phytophthora parasitica emerges as a model for the genus, and genomic resources for analyzing its interaction with plants are developing. The aim of this review is to assemble current knowledge on cytological and molecular processes that are underlying plant-pathogen interactions involving Phytophthora species and in particular P. parasitica, and to place them into the context of a hypothetical scheme of co-evolution between the pathogen and the host. _la EN _kw Compatibility _kw Infection process _kw Phytophthora parasitica _kw Plant response _kw Resistance _kw [abr] CBEL; cellulose-binding; elicitor and lectin activity _kw [abr] EST; expressed sequence tag _kw [abr] HR; hypersensitive response _kw [abr] NEP; necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide _kw [abr] NLP; NEP-like protein _kw [abr] NPP1; necrosis-inducing Phytophthora protein 1 _kw [abr] PAMP; pathogen-associated molecular pattern _kw [abr] PEP13; 13 amino acid minimal peptide within Phytophthora transglutaminase _pg 83-94 _mf [XML Cit] 07001381